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<p>This study investigates the concentrations, distribution patterns, and potential health risks of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in forest soils and four wild mushrooms (<i>Armillaria mellea</i>, <i>Macrolepiota procera</i>, <i>Tricholoma portentosum</i>, and <i>Lactarius deterrimus</i>) collected from the Petrova Gora region, Croatia. The results showed moderate spatial variability, with mean concentrations of Cd and Pb measured at 0.44&#xa0;mg/kg and 22.52&#xa0;mg/kg, respectively. While both metals were below critical contamination thresholds, the higher contamination factor for Cd suggested increased mobility or accumulation potential. In mushroom tissues, significant interspecific differences were observed, where <i>M. procera</i> exhibited the highest accumulation of both Cd and Pb, particularly in caps (0.81&#xa0;mg/kg and 1.47&#xa0;mg/kg, respectively), indicating its strong metal-accumulating potential. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) analyses confirmed species-specific uptake and internal transport mechanisms, with BCF &gt; 1 for Cd in all species. <i>M. procera</i> again showed the highest BCF and TF values, underscoring its suitability as a bioindicator. The health risk assessment, based on average daily dose and hazard quotient metrics, showed that the hazard index (HI) values remained below 1.0 for all species, indicating low non-carcinogenic risk under typical consumption levels. However, <i>M. procera</i> presented relatively elevated HI values due to its high Pb content, particularly in caps. This research contributes to a better understanding of metal transfer in forest ecosystems and supports informed decisions regarding the safe consumption of wild edible mushrooms.</p>

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Soil contamination and health risk assessment of cadmium and lead exposure from four wild mushrooms in the Petrova Gora region, Croatia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月26日

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  • Ivan Širić,
  • Pablo Šimić,
  • Damir Mihanović,
  • Pankaj Kumar

摘要

This study investigates the concentrations, distribution patterns, and potential health risks of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in forest soils and four wild mushrooms (Armillaria mellea, Macrolepiota procera, Tricholoma portentosum, and Lactarius deterrimus) collected from the Petrova Gora region, Croatia. The results showed moderate spatial variability, with mean concentrations of Cd and Pb measured at 0.44 mg/kg and 22.52 mg/kg, respectively. While both metals were below critical contamination thresholds, the higher contamination factor for Cd suggested increased mobility or accumulation potential. In mushroom tissues, significant interspecific differences were observed, where M. procera exhibited the highest accumulation of both Cd and Pb, particularly in caps (0.81 mg/kg and 1.47 mg/kg, respectively), indicating its strong metal-accumulating potential. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) analyses confirmed species-specific uptake and internal transport mechanisms, with BCF > 1 for Cd in all species. M. procera again showed the highest BCF and TF values, underscoring its suitability as a bioindicator. The health risk assessment, based on average daily dose and hazard quotient metrics, showed that the hazard index (HI) values remained below 1.0 for all species, indicating low non-carcinogenic risk under typical consumption levels. However, M. procera presented relatively elevated HI values due to its high Pb content, particularly in caps. This research contributes to a better understanding of metal transfer in forest ecosystems and supports informed decisions regarding the safe consumption of wild edible mushrooms.