<p>This study was conducted to explain the stress caused by dust particles released from the limestone quarry with TEs pollution and ecological risk indices, to investigate how olive trees tolerate stress. As the distance decreased PM10, settled dust particle (SDP) and TEs concentration increased, and SDP was above the limit value in L1. Cd, Zn, Cu, and Ni contents were higher than the UCC and WSA. EF, <i>I</i>_geo, and Cf indices showed high-significant Cd pollution due to natural and anthropogenic sources. The decrease of Chla and Chlb affected the physiological and biochemical processes. Increased free radical H₂O₂ caused oxidative stress; this stimulated the production of more stomata. The assimilation and transpiration rates decreased. The decrease in leaf area (LA) and the increase in leaf water loss (LWL) showed that the plant began to tolerate stress by balancing the tissue water content. As the distance increased, membrane stability was achieved, and leaf tissue membrane permeability (LTMP) and leaf tissue density (LTD) increased. High water content at saturation (WCS), water saturation deficit (WSD), and low relative water content (RWC) indicated high water loss. The low RWC achieved that the physiological balance was disturbed and the plant’s tolerance to pollution decreased. It has been observed that the dust originating from the limestone quarry affects the physiology of the Gemlik variety, and the plant tries to tolerate stress by balancing the tissue water content. However, anymore research is needed to investigate the genetic principle of the adaptation mechanism against dust stress in this genotype.</p>