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<p>The celebrated experiments of J. H. Poynting in 1909 have given rise to a vast literature regarding an interesting feature of the nonlinear response of soft solids. Poynting conducted a series of experiments on metal wires and found that loaded wires lengthen when twisted. Thus to maintain a constant length in such experiments, a <i>compressive</i> axial force would need to be applied at the ends of the specimen. This is the classical (positive) Poynting effect. Another example of such an effect arises when a soft material specimen is being laterally sheared or rotated between two platens. The necessity to apply a <i>compressive</i> lateral normal force in order to maintain the relative distance between the platens is also often referred to as a Poynting-type effect. Both effects are inherently <i>nonlinear</i> phenomena. In recent years, a large body of experimental and theoretical work on the Poynting effect has been carried out. In particular, a reverse Poynting effect has been investigated where the cylinder contracts under torsion unless a <i>tensile</i> axial force is applied or in the case of the lateral shear problem, the platens tend to draw together laterally unless a <i>tensile</i> lateral normal force is applied. The purpose of the present article is to review recent research findings on both of these effects for soft materials.</p>

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Poynting Effects in Soft Elastic Materials: A Review of Recent Results

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月19日

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  • C. O. Horgan,
  • J. G. Murphy

摘要

The celebrated experiments of J. H. Poynting in 1909 have given rise to a vast literature regarding an interesting feature of the nonlinear response of soft solids. Poynting conducted a series of experiments on metal wires and found that loaded wires lengthen when twisted. Thus to maintain a constant length in such experiments, a compressive axial force would need to be applied at the ends of the specimen. This is the classical (positive) Poynting effect. Another example of such an effect arises when a soft material specimen is being laterally sheared or rotated between two platens. The necessity to apply a compressive lateral normal force in order to maintain the relative distance between the platens is also often referred to as a Poynting-type effect. Both effects are inherently nonlinear phenomena. In recent years, a large body of experimental and theoretical work on the Poynting effect has been carried out. In particular, a reverse Poynting effect has been investigated where the cylinder contracts under torsion unless a tensile axial force is applied or in the case of the lateral shear problem, the platens tend to draw together laterally unless a tensile lateral normal force is applied. The purpose of the present article is to review recent research findings on both of these effects for soft materials.