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<p>Seed treatment offers an alternative form of control that minimizes the incidence of Fusarium wilt, a disease caused by the fungus <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>lycopersici</i> (Fol). This study aimed to identify the best constituents of a thyme essential oil nanoemulsion (TEON) to control Fol without affecting the physiological quality of tomato seeds. The principal chemical components in thyme essential oil (TEO) are <i>ρ</i>-cymene (30.0%), carvacrol (21.18%), and thymol (18.17%). Emulsions containing 5% w/w TEO in surfactant systems with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values from 7 to 15 and different surfactant/TEO (S/O) ratios were prepared by ultrasonic homogenization. The best formulation (named TEON; HLB 15; S/O ratio 1/1) showed no evidence of destabilization mechanisms, pH &gt; 6.00, particle size &lt; 250&#xa0;nm, and a polydispersity index (PDI) &lt; 0.1 after 21&#xa0;days of storage. EC<sub>50</sub> and EC<sub>90</sub> values for inhibiting Fol mycelial growth totaled 0.14 and 0.31&#xa0;mg/mL, respectively. Tomato seeds treated with TEON, containing TEO ranging from 2.5 to 10.0&#xa0;mg/mL, showed no phytotoxic symptoms. After 12&#xa0;h, the exudate of tomato seeds treated with distilled water showed a pH of 6.79(± 0.18) and electrical conductivity (EC) of 373.93(± 23.90) µS cm<sup>−1</sup>&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup>. The pH and EC values in tomato seeds exposed to TEON ranged, respectively, from 6.32(± 0.04) to 6.86(± 0.03) and from 344.21(± 12.61) to 402.65(± 5.08) µS cm<sup>−1</sup>&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup>. These results highlight that TEON showed good stability, antifungal activity, and no evidence of phytotoxicity, thus indicating it as a promising alternative to be evaluated for seed treatment.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Thyme essential oil-loaded emulsion as a potential nanofungicide for controlling Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月10日

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  • Natália Assis Guedes,
  • Luan Rezende Peccini,
  • Walter Cesar Celeri Bigui,
  • Julia Lima Baute,
  • Karla Santos Feu,
  • Kamila Ferreira Chaves,
  • Raquel Maria de Oliveira Pires,
  • Janaína Cecília Oliveira Villanova,
  • Pedro Alves Bezerra Morais,
  • Adilson Vidal Costa,
  • Vagner Tebaldi de Queiroz

摘要

Seed treatment offers an alternative form of control that minimizes the incidence of Fusarium wilt, a disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). This study aimed to identify the best constituents of a thyme essential oil nanoemulsion (TEON) to control Fol without affecting the physiological quality of tomato seeds. The principal chemical components in thyme essential oil (TEO) are ρ-cymene (30.0%), carvacrol (21.18%), and thymol (18.17%). Emulsions containing 5% w/w TEO in surfactant systems with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values from 7 to 15 and different surfactant/TEO (S/O) ratios were prepared by ultrasonic homogenization. The best formulation (named TEON; HLB 15; S/O ratio 1/1) showed no evidence of destabilization mechanisms, pH > 6.00, particle size < 250 nm, and a polydispersity index (PDI) < 0.1 after 21 days of storage. EC50 and EC90 values for inhibiting Fol mycelial growth totaled 0.14 and 0.31 mg/mL, respectively. Tomato seeds treated with TEON, containing TEO ranging from 2.5 to 10.0 mg/mL, showed no phytotoxic symptoms. After 12 h, the exudate of tomato seeds treated with distilled water showed a pH of 6.79(± 0.18) and electrical conductivity (EC) of 373.93(± 23.90) µS cm−1 g−1. The pH and EC values in tomato seeds exposed to TEON ranged, respectively, from 6.32(± 0.04) to 6.86(± 0.03) and from 344.21(± 12.61) to 402.65(± 5.08) µS cm−1 g−1. These results highlight that TEON showed good stability, antifungal activity, and no evidence of phytotoxicity, thus indicating it as a promising alternative to be evaluated for seed treatment.

Graphical abstract