Plant pathogenic Paramyrothecium species: distribution, biology, epidemiology and disease management

Paramyrothecium comprises saprobic and plant pathogenic members. Eight plant-pathogenic Paramyrothecium species have been recorded in Asia, America, and some parts of Africa and Europe. Among the commonly reported species are P. roridum and P. foliicola. Several Paramyrothecium species are associated with coffee leaf spots, muskmelon crown rot, and eggplant crater rot. Paramyrothecium is commonly found in soil, decaying plant material, and diseased fruits, stems, and leaves of several plant species. The life cycle of Paramyrothecium species includes an asexual stage throughout disease development, with no sexual morphs reported. Environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, influence the distribution and prevalence of Paramyrothecium. Paramyrothecium-associated diseases occur through various mechanisms, including wind and rain dispersal of conidia, contaminated soil, and plant debris. Paramyrothecium disease development can be exacerbated when the soil is wet and plant tissues are damaged, which served as pathogen entry. Adequate water management, soil sanitation, and proper handling of crops are important to minimize losses in commercial crop production. Several biological control agents and pesticides have also been reported to control the pathogen and the associated disease.