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Background <p>Standardized definitions of autoimmune disease (AD) are lacking. Therefore, we aim to propose a definition of AD for register-based research and estimate the burden of AD in Sweden as registered in the National Patient Register (NPR) from 1980 to 2023.</p> Methods <p>Leveraging the NPR, we defined AD as having at least two relevant International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes representing AD. These codes could either represent the same disease or two different diseases. Age-standardized and age-specific incidence rates (IRs) of AD were calculated, along with prevalence on December 31, 2023.</p> Results <p>From 1980 to 2023, the mean age-standardized IR of AD was 318 cases per 100,000 person-years (95% CI: 294–342). The IR decreased with the introduction of ICD-10 (1997), but then sharply increased in 2001 following the addition of specialized outpatient data to the NPR that year, likely reflecting improved case ascertainment rather than a sudden true rise in incidence. As of December 31, 2023, the prevalence of AD in Sweden was 6.6% overall, 7.9% in adults, and 1.5% in children.</p> Conclusions <p>In a nationwide study spanning more than 40 years, the IR of AD was 318 per 100,000 person-years but with substantial variation correlating to administrative changes in coding and content of the NPR. In 2023, the point prevalence of AD in Sweden was 1 in 15 individuals across all ages, 1 in 13 adults, and 1 in 67 children.</p>

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Incidence and prevalence of autoimmune disease in the Swedish National Patient Register

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月21日

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  • David Bergman,
  • Kristina Sundquist,
  • Mårten Segelmark,
  • Axel Svedbom,
  • Jiangwei Sun,
  • Fredrik Piehl,
  • Shuai Yuan,
  • Olle Kämpe,
  • Petter Brodin,
  • Fahim Ebrahimi,
  • Johan Askling,
  • Jonas F. Ludvigsson

摘要

Background

Standardized definitions of autoimmune disease (AD) are lacking. Therefore, we aim to propose a definition of AD for register-based research and estimate the burden of AD in Sweden as registered in the National Patient Register (NPR) from 1980 to 2023.

Methods

Leveraging the NPR, we defined AD as having at least two relevant International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes representing AD. These codes could either represent the same disease or two different diseases. Age-standardized and age-specific incidence rates (IRs) of AD were calculated, along with prevalence on December 31, 2023.

Results

From 1980 to 2023, the mean age-standardized IR of AD was 318 cases per 100,000 person-years (95% CI: 294–342). The IR decreased with the introduction of ICD-10 (1997), but then sharply increased in 2001 following the addition of specialized outpatient data to the NPR that year, likely reflecting improved case ascertainment rather than a sudden true rise in incidence. As of December 31, 2023, the prevalence of AD in Sweden was 6.6% overall, 7.9% in adults, and 1.5% in children.

Conclusions

In a nationwide study spanning more than 40 years, the IR of AD was 318 per 100,000 person-years but with substantial variation correlating to administrative changes in coding and content of the NPR. In 2023, the point prevalence of AD in Sweden was 1 in 15 individuals across all ages, 1 in 13 adults, and 1 in 67 children.