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<p>This study optimized a phytoremediation system using <i>Sorghum bicolor</i> × <i>sudanense</i> for strontium (Sr)-contaminated soil. We investigated three key factors: optimal harvest time, a microbial combination (MCH, consisting of <i>Deinococcus radiodurans</i> and <i>Bacillus cereus</i> at a 2:1 ratio), and nitrogen (N) fertilizer forms (ammonium sulfate, sodium nitrate, and urea). Plants were harvested at different days after sowing (40–180 days) to determine the optimal harvest period. Under 200 mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup> Sr stress, harvesting at 135 days achieved the highest annual Sr accumulation (21.66 mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>). MCH inoculation increased exchangeable Sr by 64.91%, improved the rhizosphere microbial community, and enhanced plant tolerance to Sr stress. Among the three N sources, urea (0.2 g&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup> N) showed the best performance in promoting plant biomass and Sr uptake; its co-application with MCH synergistically increased Sr enrichment by 67.45% and 40.09% compared to the non-amended control (CK1) and microbe-only control (CK2), respectively. Although mowing treatments did not improve annual Sr accumulation, certain strategies (e.g., retaining 70% stubble with three mowings per year) showed potential for future optimization. These results demonstrate that integrating microbial inoculation and N management can significantly enhance plant-based Sr remediation efficiency.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Improving strontium (Sr) phytoremediation efficiency in Sorghum bicolor × sudanense through nitrogen management and a microbial combination

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Chaohui Huang,
  • Xueqi Dai,
  • Huiying Zheng,
  • Xiaoming Chen,
  • Jiali Huang,
  • Chaoling Wu,
  • Wenkun Zhu,
  • Qing Wang,
  • Jian Yu,
  • Ali Imran,
  • Bo Zhu

摘要

This study optimized a phytoremediation system using Sorghum bicolor × sudanense for strontium (Sr)-contaminated soil. We investigated three key factors: optimal harvest time, a microbial combination (MCH, consisting of Deinococcus radiodurans and Bacillus cereus at a 2:1 ratio), and nitrogen (N) fertilizer forms (ammonium sulfate, sodium nitrate, and urea). Plants were harvested at different days after sowing (40–180 days) to determine the optimal harvest period. Under 200 mg kg−1 Sr stress, harvesting at 135 days achieved the highest annual Sr accumulation (21.66 mg kg−1). MCH inoculation increased exchangeable Sr by 64.91%, improved the rhizosphere microbial community, and enhanced plant tolerance to Sr stress. Among the three N sources, urea (0.2 g kg−1 N) showed the best performance in promoting plant biomass and Sr uptake; its co-application with MCH synergistically increased Sr enrichment by 67.45% and 40.09% compared to the non-amended control (CK1) and microbe-only control (CK2), respectively. Although mowing treatments did not improve annual Sr accumulation, certain strategies (e.g., retaining 70% stubble with three mowings per year) showed potential for future optimization. These results demonstrate that integrating microbial inoculation and N management can significantly enhance plant-based Sr remediation efficiency.

Graphical abstract