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<p>Nephrotoxic elements contamination in daily consumed dietary staples is becoming a growing environmental and public health issue among chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu)-endemic areas in Sri Lanka. This study evaluated the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in rice<i> (Oryza sativa)</i> as well as selected legumes, including mung bean<i> (Vigna radiata)</i>, cowpea <i>(Vigna unguiculata)</i>, and long bean<i> (Vigna unguiculata</i> subsp. <i>sesquipedalis)</i>. The soil pollution indices were estimated from adjacent agricultural soils collected from endemic sites in the Polpithigama Divisional Secretariat division. Soil contamination was determined by contamination factor (CF) and geo-accumulation (<i>I</i><sub><i>geo</i></sub>) indices. Soil-crop transfer dynamics were analyzed by Spearman correlation and PCA. Potential human health risks were assessed by estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR) indices. Results indicated that Cd and Pb concentrations in several crop samples exceeded WHO permissible limits, rice being the highest accumulator. Cd was identified as highly contaminated according to contamination factor (CF = 3.40), and moderately contaminated soil based on <i>I</i><sub><i>geo</i></sub> classification system. Significant positive correlations implied the occurrence of soil to crop transfer for Cr and Cd. Two principal components explained 67.08% of variance by PCA, indicating mixed geogenic and anthropogenic sources. The health risk assessment revealed that the THQ and CR values for Cd, especially via rice consumption, were above acceptable safety thresholds. Overall, cadmium was identified as the main PTE due to its high mobility and ability to accumulate. This study highlights the importance of regular monitoring, raising awareness among farmers, and practicing sustainable pre-harvest and post-harvest soil management methods as norms.</p>

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Potential toxic elements partitioning in soil and grains and human health risks in a CKDu-endemic region of Sri Lanka

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • V. H. N. M. Gunathilaka,
  • M. A. S. N. Perera,
  • H. A. R. Nilakshi,
  • C. C. Kadigamuwa,
  • J. A. Liyanage,
  • W. P. R. T. Perera

摘要

Nephrotoxic elements contamination in daily consumed dietary staples is becoming a growing environmental and public health issue among chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu)-endemic areas in Sri Lanka. This study evaluated the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in rice (Oryza sativa) as well as selected legumes, including mung bean (Vigna radiata), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis). The soil pollution indices were estimated from adjacent agricultural soils collected from endemic sites in the Polpithigama Divisional Secretariat division. Soil contamination was determined by contamination factor (CF) and geo-accumulation (Igeo) indices. Soil-crop transfer dynamics were analyzed by Spearman correlation and PCA. Potential human health risks were assessed by estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR) indices. Results indicated that Cd and Pb concentrations in several crop samples exceeded WHO permissible limits, rice being the highest accumulator. Cd was identified as highly contaminated according to contamination factor (CF = 3.40), and moderately contaminated soil based on Igeo classification system. Significant positive correlations implied the occurrence of soil to crop transfer for Cr and Cd. Two principal components explained 67.08% of variance by PCA, indicating mixed geogenic and anthropogenic sources. The health risk assessment revealed that the THQ and CR values for Cd, especially via rice consumption, were above acceptable safety thresholds. Overall, cadmium was identified as the main PTE due to its high mobility and ability to accumulate. This study highlights the importance of regular monitoring, raising awareness among farmers, and practicing sustainable pre-harvest and post-harvest soil management methods as norms.