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<p>Public automobile parks' soil dust is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter in metropolitan environments worldwide. This study aims to examine the health risks associated with ten potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Hg, Li, Zn and Pb) and their composition in 13 different motor parks in the Northwest region of Nigeria. The samples were digested with acids and analysed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer, while cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrophotometers were used to analyse mercury. The highest mean concentrations followed the sequence Ba (189&#xa0;mg/kg), followed by Zn (157&#xa0;mg/kg), Cu (115&#xa0;mg/kg), Cr (58.93&#xa0;mg/kg), Ni (34.27&#xa0;mg/kg), Pb (23.72&#xa0;mg/kg), Cd (9.63&#xa0;mg/kg), Li (1.07&#xa0;mg/kg), and Hg (0.08&#xa0;mg/kg). Ba and Zn exhibited the highest enrichment factor (EF) and contamination factor (CF). The health risk assessment for PTEs showed that As, Pb, Cr, and Ba have the greatest health index, suggesting a possible health risk where ingestion is the primary pathway, with children having higher vulnerability than adults. The geo-accumulation index reflected different pollution levels, with certain elements presenting serious ecological risks. The study also revealed different pollution patterns in automobile parks by comparing its findings with those of other studies conducted around the world. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified the sources of PTEs in the motor parks' dust includes human activities, vehicular emissions and lithogenic occurrences through leaching and runoffs. The study further showed that metals particularly Cr present slight to high ecological risks. Health hazard evaluation uncovered that the occupants of the area particularly children are more inclined to non-cancer-causing health risks. The study highlights the necessity of implementing remedial measures to address the environmental and public health problems associated with metal pollution.</p>

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Evaluation of health risks associated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in urban public automobile parks soil dust in Northwest, Nigeria

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Prince Onyedinma Ukaogo,
  • Loai Aljerf,
  • Ibrahim Imrana,
  • Victoria Chinelo Onuorah,
  • Oluebube Faith Ezenwafor,
  • Victor C. Eze,
  • Eziuche Amadike Ugbogu,
  • Abiola Omotayo Oyebamiji,
  • Chizoba Thelma Ukaogo

摘要

Public automobile parks' soil dust is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter in metropolitan environments worldwide. This study aims to examine the health risks associated with ten potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Hg, Li, Zn and Pb) and their composition in 13 different motor parks in the Northwest region of Nigeria. The samples were digested with acids and analysed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer, while cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrophotometers were used to analyse mercury. The highest mean concentrations followed the sequence Ba (189 mg/kg), followed by Zn (157 mg/kg), Cu (115 mg/kg), Cr (58.93 mg/kg), Ni (34.27 mg/kg), Pb (23.72 mg/kg), Cd (9.63 mg/kg), Li (1.07 mg/kg), and Hg (0.08 mg/kg). Ba and Zn exhibited the highest enrichment factor (EF) and contamination factor (CF). The health risk assessment for PTEs showed that As, Pb, Cr, and Ba have the greatest health index, suggesting a possible health risk where ingestion is the primary pathway, with children having higher vulnerability than adults. The geo-accumulation index reflected different pollution levels, with certain elements presenting serious ecological risks. The study also revealed different pollution patterns in automobile parks by comparing its findings with those of other studies conducted around the world. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified the sources of PTEs in the motor parks' dust includes human activities, vehicular emissions and lithogenic occurrences through leaching and runoffs. The study further showed that metals particularly Cr present slight to high ecological risks. Health hazard evaluation uncovered that the occupants of the area particularly children are more inclined to non-cancer-causing health risks. The study highlights the necessity of implementing remedial measures to address the environmental and public health problems associated with metal pollution.