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<p>Carbamazepine (antiepileptic) and fexofenadine (antihistamine) residues can enter agricultural soils through the application of treated wastewater and sewage sludge, posing unknown environmental risks. In this targeted study, we investigated the potential of soil microbes to degrade carbamazepine and fexofenadine in native and sterilized (γ-irradiated) soils. Microcosm experiments were conducted under aerobic and anaerobic conditions using two agricultural soils: Haplic Chernozem (silt loam, HCh) and Stagnic Chernozem Siltic (loam, SChS), each with defined bacterial diversity. In native soils under aerobic conditions, fexofenadine declined by 65.5% in HCh and 76.5% in SChS, whereas under anaerobic conditions, it decreased by 38% and 28%, respectively; in sterilized soils, dissipation was low (≤ 20%) in HCh and negligible (&lt; 0.5%) in SChS, highlighting the role of active microbial communities. After 30&#xa0;days of incubation, no decline in carbamazepine concentrations related to microbial activity or aerobic status was observed in any of the tested soils. These findings suggest that the physicochemical properties of HCh provide a more favorable environment for fexofenadine dissipation than in SChS. Additionally, the composition of indigenous microbial communities likely contributes to the differences in fexofenadine dissipation observed between both soil types. In contrast, carbamazepine remained stable across soil types, aeration status, and microbial load.</p>

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Dissipation of carbamazepine and fexofenadine in two agricultural soils: Role of microbial load and aerobic status

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月12日

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  • Anna Koubová,
  • Puspendu Sardar,
  • Helena Švecová,
  • Roman Grabic,
  • Radka Kodešová,
  • Alica Chroňáková

摘要

Carbamazepine (antiepileptic) and fexofenadine (antihistamine) residues can enter agricultural soils through the application of treated wastewater and sewage sludge, posing unknown environmental risks. In this targeted study, we investigated the potential of soil microbes to degrade carbamazepine and fexofenadine in native and sterilized (γ-irradiated) soils. Microcosm experiments were conducted under aerobic and anaerobic conditions using two agricultural soils: Haplic Chernozem (silt loam, HCh) and Stagnic Chernozem Siltic (loam, SChS), each with defined bacterial diversity. In native soils under aerobic conditions, fexofenadine declined by 65.5% in HCh and 76.5% in SChS, whereas under anaerobic conditions, it decreased by 38% and 28%, respectively; in sterilized soils, dissipation was low (≤ 20%) in HCh and negligible (< 0.5%) in SChS, highlighting the role of active microbial communities. After 30 days of incubation, no decline in carbamazepine concentrations related to microbial activity or aerobic status was observed in any of the tested soils. These findings suggest that the physicochemical properties of HCh provide a more favorable environment for fexofenadine dissipation than in SChS. Additionally, the composition of indigenous microbial communities likely contributes to the differences in fexofenadine dissipation observed between both soil types. In contrast, carbamazepine remained stable across soil types, aeration status, and microbial load.