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<p>Despite numerous studies demonstrating the negative impact of rare earth elements (REE) and yttrium (Y) on human health, only limited data are available on their concentrations in mineral-rich medicinal waters, which are used worldwide for centuries to improve human health. In this work, we present a new, comprehensive dataset of REEs + Y in the mineral waters of the dominant Cl–Na type, traditionally used for medicinal purposes. Our results reveal a high variability in the REEs (2.76–1688.20&#xa0;ng/L) and Y (1.80–451.10&#xa0;ng/L) concentrations, as well as the EUS (European Shale) normalized REE patterns characterized by heavy REE (HREE) predominance and, less frequently, middle REE (MREE) enrichment. The HREE-enriched patterns reflect REE complexation primarily with (di)carbonate and sulfate ions, along with the preferential removal of light REEs (LREEs) through particle scavenging, while the latter suggests the presence of organic matter capable of complexing with MREEs. Several individual REE anomalies were also identified, including lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), europium (Eu), and gadolinium (Gd). These may indicate bacterial activity, changes in redox conditions or the presence of an oxygenated zone, weathering of Eu-enriched mineral phases, and specific complexation reactions, respectively. This study demonstrates that tracking the variation in REE + Y signatures can provide deeper insights into the geochemical evolution of waters, even those with relatively homogeneous physicochemical properties.</p>

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Rare earth element and yttrium signatures as tracers of hydrogeochemical processes in the mineral-rich and medicinal waters — a case study from Busko-Zdrój and Solec-Zdrój (SE Poland)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Dorota Kaczor-Kurzawa,
  • Irena Wysocka,
  • Adam Porowski,
  • Iwona Lipiec

摘要

Despite numerous studies demonstrating the negative impact of rare earth elements (REE) and yttrium (Y) on human health, only limited data are available on their concentrations in mineral-rich medicinal waters, which are used worldwide for centuries to improve human health. In this work, we present a new, comprehensive dataset of REEs + Y in the mineral waters of the dominant Cl–Na type, traditionally used for medicinal purposes. Our results reveal a high variability in the REEs (2.76–1688.20 ng/L) and Y (1.80–451.10 ng/L) concentrations, as well as the EUS (European Shale) normalized REE patterns characterized by heavy REE (HREE) predominance and, less frequently, middle REE (MREE) enrichment. The HREE-enriched patterns reflect REE complexation primarily with (di)carbonate and sulfate ions, along with the preferential removal of light REEs (LREEs) through particle scavenging, while the latter suggests the presence of organic matter capable of complexing with MREEs. Several individual REE anomalies were also identified, including lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), europium (Eu), and gadolinium (Gd). These may indicate bacterial activity, changes in redox conditions or the presence of an oxygenated zone, weathering of Eu-enriched mineral phases, and specific complexation reactions, respectively. This study demonstrates that tracking the variation in REE + Y signatures can provide deeper insights into the geochemical evolution of waters, even those with relatively homogeneous physicochemical properties.