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<p>The deterioration of soil health due to salinization, acidification, and heavy metal pollution represents a critical environmental challenge threatening sustainable agriculture and ecosystem functions worldwide. Conventional remediation strategies often face limitations in efficiency, cost, and long-term stability. Carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs), including nanobiochar (NBCs), graphene (GNs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as promising alternatives due to their distinctive surface characteristics and nanoscale effects. This systematic review critically examines the dual role of CNMs in improving key soil properties (e.g., pH, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon content, and porosity) while also addressing their concentration-dependent effects and potential ecological risks. We analyze the mechanisms underlying CNMs-soil interactions, highlighting material-specific and concentration-dependent behaviors as well as their environmental implications, including effects on microbial communities and long-term fate. Based on mechanistic comparison, integration, and risk–benefit evaluation, this review combines field and laboratory research to identify the most promising CNMs for field application. It further proposes a synergistic framework integrating multi‑omics and field studies to guide the design of eco-friendly CNMs composites and standardized application protocols. This work provides a comprehensive foundation for applying CNMs in sustainable soil management while emphasizing the importance of ensuring ecological safety.</p>

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The promises and risks of carbon-based nanomaterials: a critical review on their roles in soil health and ecosystem safety

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Yumeng Song,
  • Wei Lin,
  • Williamson Gustave,
  • Yanchun Zhang,
  • Dongmei Feng,
  • Xiaokai Zhang,
  • Feng He

摘要

The deterioration of soil health due to salinization, acidification, and heavy metal pollution represents a critical environmental challenge threatening sustainable agriculture and ecosystem functions worldwide. Conventional remediation strategies often face limitations in efficiency, cost, and long-term stability. Carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs), including nanobiochar (NBCs), graphene (GNs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as promising alternatives due to their distinctive surface characteristics and nanoscale effects. This systematic review critically examines the dual role of CNMs in improving key soil properties (e.g., pH, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon content, and porosity) while also addressing their concentration-dependent effects and potential ecological risks. We analyze the mechanisms underlying CNMs-soil interactions, highlighting material-specific and concentration-dependent behaviors as well as their environmental implications, including effects on microbial communities and long-term fate. Based on mechanistic comparison, integration, and risk–benefit evaluation, this review combines field and laboratory research to identify the most promising CNMs for field application. It further proposes a synergistic framework integrating multi‑omics and field studies to guide the design of eco-friendly CNMs composites and standardized application protocols. This work provides a comprehensive foundation for applying CNMs in sustainable soil management while emphasizing the importance of ensuring ecological safety.