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<p>This study provides a wide radiological investigation of surface soils in the North and South Industrial Zones of Erbil City, Iraq by measuring radon (<sup>222</sup>Rn) and gamma dose rates. For this purpose, 50 soil samples were studied by employing CR-39 detectors for radon concentration and portable Geiger-Muller survey meter for gamma dose rates. The mean values of measured radon concentrations were 129.83 ± 51.18&#xa0;Bq/m<sup>3</sup> in the North Zone and 95.10 ± 34.01&#xa0;Bq&#xa0;m<sup>−3</sup> in the South Zone; approximately half (50%) and nearly&#xa0;one-third (35%) of sites exceeded the WHO reference level of 100&#xa0;Bq&#xa0;m<sup>−3</sup>, respectively. Mean radiological hazard indices like PAEC, AED, ELCR and doses to organs were also higher in North Zone. Absorbed dose rates of gamma radiation varied from 0.09 to 0.22&#xa0;μSv h<sup>−1</sup> and were related to the amount of radon, suggesting contribution from geological and also industrial sources. Monte Carlo simulations (50 000 iterations) showed a high probability (70.97–82.51%) of exceeding the ICRP public dose criterion for members of the public, namely, 1&#xa0;mSv&#xa0;y<sup>−1</sup> in North Zone, whereas there was a lower but significant probability (26.22–30.48%) for South Zone. The high risk areas or hot spots were identified by the spatial analysis integrating kriging interpolation. Findings reflect the importance of surveillance and radiation protection in industrial areas to minimize potential public health hazards.</p>

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Environmental radiological evaluation of North and South industrial zones of Erbil city in terms of radon and gamma radiation levels from soils surface by using monte carlo simulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Sardar Qader Othman,
  • Taha Yaseen Wais,
  • Berivan F. Namq,
  • Taufiq Ahamad,
  • Laith Ahmed Najam,
  • Rohit Singh Sajwan,
  • Muhammad Junaid,
  • M. I. Sayyed

摘要

This study provides a wide radiological investigation of surface soils in the North and South Industrial Zones of Erbil City, Iraq by measuring radon (222Rn) and gamma dose rates. For this purpose, 50 soil samples were studied by employing CR-39 detectors for radon concentration and portable Geiger-Muller survey meter for gamma dose rates. The mean values of measured radon concentrations were 129.83 ± 51.18 Bq/m3 in the North Zone and 95.10 ± 34.01 Bq m−3 in the South Zone; approximately half (50%) and nearly one-third (35%) of sites exceeded the WHO reference level of 100 Bq m−3, respectively. Mean radiological hazard indices like PAEC, AED, ELCR and doses to organs were also higher in North Zone. Absorbed dose rates of gamma radiation varied from 0.09 to 0.22 μSv h−1 and were related to the amount of radon, suggesting contribution from geological and also industrial sources. Monte Carlo simulations (50 000 iterations) showed a high probability (70.97–82.51%) of exceeding the ICRP public dose criterion for members of the public, namely, 1 mSv y−1 in North Zone, whereas there was a lower but significant probability (26.22–30.48%) for South Zone. The high risk areas or hot spots were identified by the spatial analysis integrating kriging interpolation. Findings reflect the importance of surveillance and radiation protection in industrial areas to minimize potential public health hazards.