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Abstract <p>Dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) are pervasive pollutants in groundwater systems and exhibit complex migration behavior and phase transitions. The presence of residual-phase DNAPLs often leads to persistent concentration tailing and rebound effects, which significantly hinder effective remediation. The efficacy of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) in removing residual-phase DNAPLs is hampered by a complex interplay of influencing factors. This review systematically analyzes DNAPL migration and retention, identifying the residual phase as the critical barrier to successful remediation. SEAR performance depends critically on surfactant properties, aquifer media, and hydrodynamic conditions, leading to variable outcomes. A comprehensive analysis of residual phase DNAPL migration mechanisms reveals that DNAPL movement is predominantly controlled by the interplay of gravitational, capillary, and viscous forces. This paper presents a force-balance analytical framework connecting DNAPL displacement to key remediation parameters. Remediation success relies on identifying and regulating dominant forces under site-specific conditions, while aquifer heterogeneity and coupled parameters add complexity in three-dimensional field settings. Thus, multi-parameter interactions need systematic evaluation. Large-scale research on multi-parameter coupling mechanisms is currently lacking, and future efforts should address this to advance precise DNAPL remediation strategies.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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A critical review of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation for DNAPLs: residual morphology, governing factors, and removal mechanisms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月3日

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  • Changyi Huang,
  • Baonan He,
  • Zirong Liu,
  • Zhenjun Zhou,
  • Yu Li

摘要

Abstract

Dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) are pervasive pollutants in groundwater systems and exhibit complex migration behavior and phase transitions. The presence of residual-phase DNAPLs often leads to persistent concentration tailing and rebound effects, which significantly hinder effective remediation. The efficacy of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) in removing residual-phase DNAPLs is hampered by a complex interplay of influencing factors. This review systematically analyzes DNAPL migration and retention, identifying the residual phase as the critical barrier to successful remediation. SEAR performance depends critically on surfactant properties, aquifer media, and hydrodynamic conditions, leading to variable outcomes. A comprehensive analysis of residual phase DNAPL migration mechanisms reveals that DNAPL movement is predominantly controlled by the interplay of gravitational, capillary, and viscous forces. This paper presents a force-balance analytical framework connecting DNAPL displacement to key remediation parameters. Remediation success relies on identifying and regulating dominant forces under site-specific conditions, while aquifer heterogeneity and coupled parameters add complexity in three-dimensional field settings. Thus, multi-parameter interactions need systematic evaluation. Large-scale research on multi-parameter coupling mechanisms is currently lacking, and future efforts should address this to advance precise DNAPL remediation strategies.

Graphical abstract