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<p>Fluid–rock interaction, mineral transformation, and metal redistribution in orogenic systems exert fundamental controls on permeability evolution and ore formation, yet the coupling between nanoscale interfacial processes and larger-scale fluid pathways remains poorly constrained. This review examines reactive nano-interfaces—including mineral surfaces, grain-boundary fluid films, and nanoporous networks—that govern fluid–rock reactions, metal mobility, and permeability evolution under metamorphic–hydrothermal conditions. By synthesizing experimental, analytical, and modeling studies, we evaluate nanoscale controls using evidence from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopies (XANES/EXAFS, STXM), batch and flow-through experiments, and reactive transport modeling. Distinct mineralogical substrates exhibit pronounced contrasts in nanoporosity, surface roughness, and reactive surface area, resulting in orders-of-magnitude differences in adsorption capacity and reaction efficiency. Nanocrystalline iron oxyhydroxides and swelling clays emerge as particularly reactive phases, in which nanopores (&lt; 100&#xa0;nm) can comprise up to ~ 60% of total pore volume and act as dominant reaction domains. Literature-reported batch experiments indicate rapid, surface-controlled chemisorption of Pb<sup>2</sup>⁺, Cd<sup>2</sup>⁺, and As(V), well described by pseudo-second-order kinetics, with strong mineralogical control on adsorption capacity, reversibility, and speciation. Synchrotron-based imaging and spectroscopy reveal preferential metal accumulation along grain boundaries and within nanopores, including nanoprecipitate formation and localized redox heterogeneity decoupled from bulk fluid conditions. Reactive transport experiments and simulations consistently show transient permeability enhancement followed by pore clogging and flow localization. When conceptually upscaled, these nanoscale processes provide mechanistic support for observed patterns of metal focusing and ore zonation in orogenic systems, underscoring reactive nano-interfaces as key regulators of metal transport, retention, and mineralization efficiency.</p>

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Reactive nano-interfaces and fluid–rock interactions in orogenic mineral systems: implications for sustainable resource development

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月6日

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  • Yue Guan,
  • Yu Liu

摘要

Fluid–rock interaction, mineral transformation, and metal redistribution in orogenic systems exert fundamental controls on permeability evolution and ore formation, yet the coupling between nanoscale interfacial processes and larger-scale fluid pathways remains poorly constrained. This review examines reactive nano-interfaces—including mineral surfaces, grain-boundary fluid films, and nanoporous networks—that govern fluid–rock reactions, metal mobility, and permeability evolution under metamorphic–hydrothermal conditions. By synthesizing experimental, analytical, and modeling studies, we evaluate nanoscale controls using evidence from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopies (XANES/EXAFS, STXM), batch and flow-through experiments, and reactive transport modeling. Distinct mineralogical substrates exhibit pronounced contrasts in nanoporosity, surface roughness, and reactive surface area, resulting in orders-of-magnitude differences in adsorption capacity and reaction efficiency. Nanocrystalline iron oxyhydroxides and swelling clays emerge as particularly reactive phases, in which nanopores (< 100 nm) can comprise up to ~ 60% of total pore volume and act as dominant reaction domains. Literature-reported batch experiments indicate rapid, surface-controlled chemisorption of Pb2⁺, Cd2⁺, and As(V), well described by pseudo-second-order kinetics, with strong mineralogical control on adsorption capacity, reversibility, and speciation. Synchrotron-based imaging and spectroscopy reveal preferential metal accumulation along grain boundaries and within nanopores, including nanoprecipitate formation and localized redox heterogeneity decoupled from bulk fluid conditions. Reactive transport experiments and simulations consistently show transient permeability enhancement followed by pore clogging and flow localization. When conceptually upscaled, these nanoscale processes provide mechanistic support for observed patterns of metal focusing and ore zonation in orogenic systems, underscoring reactive nano-interfaces as key regulators of metal transport, retention, and mineralization efficiency.