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<p>Iron and steel industries are among the largest contributors to heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments. In India, nearly 270 million tonnes of steel are produced annually. Still, only 30–35% is utilised, with large quantities of steel slag generated as a by-product, which is often dumped or used in landfills. Steel slag, a by-product of this industry, is widely employed in construction activities such as marine installations, artificial reef construction, construction fills, soil drains, and wastewater treatment. The present study investigated the stress response of the green mussel <i>Perna viridis</i> to steel slag exposure under controlled conditions by assessing stress markers and characterising the slag before and after seawater exposure. Following 14 and 28&#xa0;days of exposure to 10% steel slag in seawater, adult mussels exhibited only ~ 10% mortality. Water quality parameters remained stable throughout the experiment. Antioxidant enzyme activities in mussel tissues were unaffected at both time points. Elemental analysis of steel slag after seawater exposure revealed the presence of ferrous and magnesium oxides, which are not toxic to <i>P. viridis</i>. Magnesium, iron, and phosphorus were the dominant elements in the tested slag fractions. Overall, the findings suggest that steel slag has minimal adverse effects on the growth and survival of <i>P. viridis</i>. These findings provide preliminary evidence that, under controlled conditions, steel slag may be considered a relatively safe material for marine and coastal applications. However, long-term ecological assessments are warranted before large-scale deployment in seabed restoration, artificial reef construction, or other reclamation activities.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Baseline evaluation of the toxicity potential of steel slag using the green mussel Perna viridis for sustainable marine reuse applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月10日

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  • Dineshram Ramadoss,
  • Jojy John,
  • Firoz Badesab,
  • Muralidhar Kocherla,
  • Anto Vasanth,
  • Chellandi Mohandass

摘要

Iron and steel industries are among the largest contributors to heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments. In India, nearly 270 million tonnes of steel are produced annually. Still, only 30–35% is utilised, with large quantities of steel slag generated as a by-product, which is often dumped or used in landfills. Steel slag, a by-product of this industry, is widely employed in construction activities such as marine installations, artificial reef construction, construction fills, soil drains, and wastewater treatment. The present study investigated the stress response of the green mussel Perna viridis to steel slag exposure under controlled conditions by assessing stress markers and characterising the slag before and after seawater exposure. Following 14 and 28 days of exposure to 10% steel slag in seawater, adult mussels exhibited only ~ 10% mortality. Water quality parameters remained stable throughout the experiment. Antioxidant enzyme activities in mussel tissues were unaffected at both time points. Elemental analysis of steel slag after seawater exposure revealed the presence of ferrous and magnesium oxides, which are not toxic to P. viridis. Magnesium, iron, and phosphorus were the dominant elements in the tested slag fractions. Overall, the findings suggest that steel slag has minimal adverse effects on the growth and survival of P. viridis. These findings provide preliminary evidence that, under controlled conditions, steel slag may be considered a relatively safe material for marine and coastal applications. However, long-term ecological assessments are warranted before large-scale deployment in seabed restoration, artificial reef construction, or other reclamation activities.

Graphical Abstract