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<p>This study examines the geochemical characteristics and contamination status of surface soils in the Karuvannur Basin (KB), Thrissur District, Kerala. Encompassing the Ramsar-listed Kole wetlands, the basin is a wetland-dominated agricultural region of high ecological significance, supporting intensive paddy cultivation and dense rural populations. Assessing soil geochemistry is essential for evaluating anthropogenic inputs from fertilizers, pesticides, and industrial discharges that may influence agricultural productivity and ecosystem health. This research assesses the spatial distribution of major oxides and trace elements to evaluate geochemical processes, soil quality, and contamination risk. The dominance of SiO<sub>2</sub> (61.08%), TiO<sub>2</sub> (1.00%), Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (8.53%), and P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (0.36%) in the soil, particularly the elevated SiO<sub>2</sub> content, suggests significant leaching and prolonged chemical weathering under tropical climatic conditions. Compared to the world average shale value, enrichments in Fe₂O₃, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and depletion of CaO, MgO, Na<sub>2</sub>O, and K₂O further confirm the presence of geochemical alteration driven by sustained climatic and pedogenic processes. Elevated concentrations of V (210.45&#xa0;ppm), Cr (138.88&#xa0;ppm), Cu (56.89&#xa0;ppm), Ga (27.91&#xa0;ppm), and Zr (296.37&#xa0;ppm) suggest both geogenic and anthropogenic inputs, particularly from agricultural practices. Contamination indices [Enrichment Factor (EF), Geoaccumulation Index (I<sub>geo</sub>), Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (C<sub>deg</sub>), and Pollution Load Index (PLI)] classify most of the soils as moderately polluted with potentially toxic elements such as V, Cr, Cu, Ga, and Zr. This study points out the significance of regular monitoring and the implementation of soil management plans to achieve the goals of sustainability, especially in tropical agricultural regions.</p>

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Geochemistry and contamination metrics of the tropical agricultural soils in Karuvannur Basin, India, with special reference to environmental sustainability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月21日

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  • S. Siji,
  • A. Krishnakumar,
  • Gayathri Nair,
  • K. Anoop Krishnan

摘要

This study examines the geochemical characteristics and contamination status of surface soils in the Karuvannur Basin (KB), Thrissur District, Kerala. Encompassing the Ramsar-listed Kole wetlands, the basin is a wetland-dominated agricultural region of high ecological significance, supporting intensive paddy cultivation and dense rural populations. Assessing soil geochemistry is essential for evaluating anthropogenic inputs from fertilizers, pesticides, and industrial discharges that may influence agricultural productivity and ecosystem health. This research assesses the spatial distribution of major oxides and trace elements to evaluate geochemical processes, soil quality, and contamination risk. The dominance of SiO2 (61.08%), TiO2 (1.00%), Fe2O3 (8.53%), and P2O5 (0.36%) in the soil, particularly the elevated SiO2 content, suggests significant leaching and prolonged chemical weathering under tropical climatic conditions. Compared to the world average shale value, enrichments in Fe₂O₃, TiO2, and P2O5, and depletion of CaO, MgO, Na2O, and K₂O further confirm the presence of geochemical alteration driven by sustained climatic and pedogenic processes. Elevated concentrations of V (210.45 ppm), Cr (138.88 ppm), Cu (56.89 ppm), Ga (27.91 ppm), and Zr (296.37 ppm) suggest both geogenic and anthropogenic inputs, particularly from agricultural practices. Contamination indices [Enrichment Factor (EF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cdeg), and Pollution Load Index (PLI)] classify most of the soils as moderately polluted with potentially toxic elements such as V, Cr, Cu, Ga, and Zr. This study points out the significance of regular monitoring and the implementation of soil management plans to achieve the goals of sustainability, especially in tropical agricultural regions.