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<p>The concentrations of neonicotinoids in atmospheric inhalable particles (PM<sub>10</sub>) and their inhalation bioaccessibility were examined in a coastal urban city in Eastern China. Seven neonicotinoids were analyzed using a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) extraction method in conjunction with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS) for PM<sub>10</sub> samples. Additionally, a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction technique combined with HPLC-MS/MS detection was employed, offering a simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate, and cost-effective methodology for quantifying neonicotinoids in two simulated lung fluids: Gamble’s Solution (GMB) and Artificial Lysosomal Fluid (ALF). The accuracy of the bioaccessibility study was evaluated using mass balance approaches with a PM<sub>10</sub> filter. Factors such as the solid–liquid ratio, extraction time, and oscillation rate were found to influence inhalation bioaccessibility. All samples contained neonicotinoids, with overall concentrations ranging from 23.3 to 140&#xa0;pg/m<sup>3</sup>. The inhalation bioaccessibility of neonicotinoids under healthy conditions (GMB: 24.0–90.0%) was lower compared to that under inflammatory conditions (ALF: 33.7–91.1%). The bioaccessibility of organic components exhibited a negative correlation with both their hydrophobicity and molecular weight. The average bioaccessible concentrations of imidacloprid-equivalent total neonicotinoids (IMI<sub>eq</sub>), determined using the relative potency factor method, was 114 ± 71.9&#xa0;pg/m<sup>3</sup> for GMB and 123 ± 71.6&#xa0;pg/m<sup>3</sup> for ALF. A health risk assessment of target PM<sub>10</sub>-associated neonicotinoids via inhalation was conducted, taking into account bioaccessibility concentrations through the application of hazard quotient and IMI<sub>eq</sub> methodologies. The results indicated an absence of carcinogenic risk for both children and adults in the area during the sampling period.</p>

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In vitro inhalation bioaccessibility for PM10-bound neonicotinoids: method development, effects of hydrophobicity, and its implication in health risk assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月13日

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  • Hui Liu,
  • Mei-Yang Zheng,
  • Cheng Ye,
  • Rengzong Shu,
  • Xi-Long Zhang,
  • Qi Di,
  • Jin-Jian Ding,
  • Wen-Jun Hong

摘要

The concentrations of neonicotinoids in atmospheric inhalable particles (PM10) and their inhalation bioaccessibility were examined in a coastal urban city in Eastern China. Seven neonicotinoids were analyzed using a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) extraction method in conjunction with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS) for PM10 samples. Additionally, a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction technique combined with HPLC-MS/MS detection was employed, offering a simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate, and cost-effective methodology for quantifying neonicotinoids in two simulated lung fluids: Gamble’s Solution (GMB) and Artificial Lysosomal Fluid (ALF). The accuracy of the bioaccessibility study was evaluated using mass balance approaches with a PM10 filter. Factors such as the solid–liquid ratio, extraction time, and oscillation rate were found to influence inhalation bioaccessibility. All samples contained neonicotinoids, with overall concentrations ranging from 23.3 to 140 pg/m3. The inhalation bioaccessibility of neonicotinoids under healthy conditions (GMB: 24.0–90.0%) was lower compared to that under inflammatory conditions (ALF: 33.7–91.1%). The bioaccessibility of organic components exhibited a negative correlation with both their hydrophobicity and molecular weight. The average bioaccessible concentrations of imidacloprid-equivalent total neonicotinoids (IMIeq), determined using the relative potency factor method, was 114 ± 71.9 pg/m3 for GMB and 123 ± 71.6 pg/m3 for ALF. A health risk assessment of target PM10-associated neonicotinoids via inhalation was conducted, taking into account bioaccessibility concentrations through the application of hazard quotient and IMIeq methodologies. The results indicated an absence of carcinogenic risk for both children and adults in the area during the sampling period.