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<p>The study analyzed eleven elements in road dust from residential areas, traffic areas, commercial areas, and plastic paper and e-waste collection sites in Shillong, Northeast India. Elemental concentrations followed the order: Al &gt; Fe &gt; Mg &gt; Mn &gt; Zn &gt; Pb &gt; Cu &gt; Cr &gt; Co &gt; Ni &gt; Cd. Among these, Cd showed the highest enrichment (EF = 63.01), followed by Pb (EF = 24.78), and contributed 92% and 6% of the ecological risk, respectively. Pollution indices confirmed significant contamination in all sites. The geoaccumulation index (I<sub>geo</sub>) indicated extreme pollution for Cd, moderate to extreme for Pb, and low to moderate levels for other elements. Strong positive correlations were observed among Al–Mg, Co–Cu, Co–Mn, Pb–Zn, and Pb–Cd, with moderate correlations (r = 0.4–0.6) for Cd–Zn, Cu–Zn, and Fe–Cr. PCA revealed three major sources: anthropogenic and crustal, traffic and e-waste, and geogenic. The hazard index exceeded 1 for children at all sites, indicating potential non-carcinogenic risk, primarily via ingestion. Chromium was the main contributor to cancer risk, though overall levels remained within safe limits. FTIR and PXRD analyses confirmed quartz as the dominant mineral, along with silicate, carbonate, and others. The study recommends pollution control measures to aid urban planning and safeguard public health.</p>

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Levels of elements in road dust of Shillong, Northeast India: characterization, source apportionment and health risk assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月16日

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  • Nicholas Khundrakpam,
  • Biwel Binong,
  • Rebekha Mushahary,
  • Anamika Nath,
  • Mebaaibok L. Nonglait,
  • Pratibha Deka

摘要

The study analyzed eleven elements in road dust from residential areas, traffic areas, commercial areas, and plastic paper and e-waste collection sites in Shillong, Northeast India. Elemental concentrations followed the order: Al > Fe > Mg > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Co > Ni > Cd. Among these, Cd showed the highest enrichment (EF = 63.01), followed by Pb (EF = 24.78), and contributed 92% and 6% of the ecological risk, respectively. Pollution indices confirmed significant contamination in all sites. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) indicated extreme pollution for Cd, moderate to extreme for Pb, and low to moderate levels for other elements. Strong positive correlations were observed among Al–Mg, Co–Cu, Co–Mn, Pb–Zn, and Pb–Cd, with moderate correlations (r = 0.4–0.6) for Cd–Zn, Cu–Zn, and Fe–Cr. PCA revealed three major sources: anthropogenic and crustal, traffic and e-waste, and geogenic. The hazard index exceeded 1 for children at all sites, indicating potential non-carcinogenic risk, primarily via ingestion. Chromium was the main contributor to cancer risk, though overall levels remained within safe limits. FTIR and PXRD analyses confirmed quartz as the dominant mineral, along with silicate, carbonate, and others. The study recommends pollution control measures to aid urban planning and safeguard public health.