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<p>Salt is an essential component of the human diet; however, the presence of trace elements (TEs) in salt can pose serious health risks. This study analyzed 40 unrefined sea salt samples from eight coastal sub-districts in Bangladesh to assess concentrations and health risks of six TEs (Cr, Cd, Pb, Fe, As, and Ni). The mean concentrations of all TEs significantly exceeded the safety limits recommended by FAO/WHO, indicating potential public health concerns. Correlation analysis revealed weak to moderate relationships among the elements. principal component analysis (PCA) identified three dominant components, Dim1, Dim2, and Dim3, explaining 27.0%, 21.4%, and 15.9% of the total variance, respectively. PCA biplots with 95% confidence ellipses revealed notable spatial variability in contamination patterns. Health risk assessments indicated that the target hazard quotient values of all TEs across all sub-districts remained below the safe threshold of 1.0, except for As and Ni in certain sub-districts like Kutubdia, Teknaf, and Banshkhali. However, the hazard index (HI) values were greater than 1.0 in all regions, suggesting cumulative non-carcinogenic risk. Moreover, carcinogenic risk values for Cd, As, and Cr surpassed the acceptable threshold (1.0E−04), while Pb remained within safe limits. Total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values were consistently above the safety threshold. Monte Carlo simulations further indicated that both HI and TCR values exceeded acceptable limits, with As and Cd being the major contributors to HI and TCR, respectively. These findings highlight the urgent need for regulatory action to ensure salt safety.</p>

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Assessment of trace element contamination and human health risk in unrefined sea salt from Chattogram and Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月29日

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  • Mohammad Ismail,
  • Sajid Ibne Jamalfaisal,
  • Md. Tahsinur Rahman,
  • Sayed Abu Johany,
  • Iasmin Akter,
  • Sajib Ahmed

摘要

Salt is an essential component of the human diet; however, the presence of trace elements (TEs) in salt can pose serious health risks. This study analyzed 40 unrefined sea salt samples from eight coastal sub-districts in Bangladesh to assess concentrations and health risks of six TEs (Cr, Cd, Pb, Fe, As, and Ni). The mean concentrations of all TEs significantly exceeded the safety limits recommended by FAO/WHO, indicating potential public health concerns. Correlation analysis revealed weak to moderate relationships among the elements. principal component analysis (PCA) identified three dominant components, Dim1, Dim2, and Dim3, explaining 27.0%, 21.4%, and 15.9% of the total variance, respectively. PCA biplots with 95% confidence ellipses revealed notable spatial variability in contamination patterns. Health risk assessments indicated that the target hazard quotient values of all TEs across all sub-districts remained below the safe threshold of 1.0, except for As and Ni in certain sub-districts like Kutubdia, Teknaf, and Banshkhali. However, the hazard index (HI) values were greater than 1.0 in all regions, suggesting cumulative non-carcinogenic risk. Moreover, carcinogenic risk values for Cd, As, and Cr surpassed the acceptable threshold (1.0E−04), while Pb remained within safe limits. Total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values were consistently above the safety threshold. Monte Carlo simulations further indicated that both HI and TCR values exceeded acceptable limits, with As and Cd being the major contributors to HI and TCR, respectively. These findings highlight the urgent need for regulatory action to ensure salt safety.