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<p>In this paper, the potential and mechanistic behavior of micro-nano bubbles (MNBs) synergistic with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) in the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) were thoroughly investigated. In the MNBs-NaClO system, the effects of varying environmental factors (NaClO concentration, pH, inorganic anions, surfactants) on the degradation efficiency of SMX were investigated. The degradation products and pathways of SMX were investigated to reveal the degradation mechanism of antibiotics within the MNBs-NaClO system by using density functional theory (DFT) and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The degradation rate of SMX increased with the increase of NaClO concentration. SMX allowed efficient degradation in a wide pH range. The inorganic anion PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup> showed a strong inhibitory effect on the degradation of SMX. Surfactants had a consistent inhibitory effect on the degradation progress of SMX. According to the degradation behavior of SMX in the MNBs-NaClO system, three degradation pathways were proposed: nitrosation, S-N bond breaking, chlorine substitution and chlorine oxidation. This study evaluated the removal efficiency of sulfonamide antibiotics by the synergistic MNBs-NaClO technology, revealing unique degradation mechanisms and fate pathways. It provides a critical theoretical basis for precisely predicting their environmental behavior and ecological risks in advanced oxidation systems/aquatic environments.</p> Graphical abstract <p>In MNBs-NaClO system, MNBs enhanced the oxidative capacity of the system by promoting the generation of active oxidants (·OH, HClO), which promoted the multi-pathway degradation of SMX: the amino group on the benzene ring of SMX was directly oxidized to form the intermediate m/z 284, in the strong oxidative system. The strong oxidative properties of the system can break the S-N bond of SMX, resulting in hydroxylation of the isoxazole ring and the formation of the intermediate m/z 114. The effective chlorine in NaClO, HClO, underwent electrophilic reaction with hydrogen atoms on the amino group, resulting in the chlorinated products m/z 287 and m/z 391.</p>

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Potential and degradation mechanism of sulfamethoxazole removal by the synergistic effect of micro-nano bubbles and sodium hypochlorite

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月17日

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  • Tao Zhu,
  • Guijuan Li,
  • Yan Cheng,
  • Hui Li,
  • Min Zhou,
  • Mengyao Jing

摘要

In this paper, the potential and mechanistic behavior of micro-nano bubbles (MNBs) synergistic with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) in the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) were thoroughly investigated. In the MNBs-NaClO system, the effects of varying environmental factors (NaClO concentration, pH, inorganic anions, surfactants) on the degradation efficiency of SMX were investigated. The degradation products and pathways of SMX were investigated to reveal the degradation mechanism of antibiotics within the MNBs-NaClO system by using density functional theory (DFT) and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The degradation rate of SMX increased with the increase of NaClO concentration. SMX allowed efficient degradation in a wide pH range. The inorganic anion PO43- showed a strong inhibitory effect on the degradation of SMX. Surfactants had a consistent inhibitory effect on the degradation progress of SMX. According to the degradation behavior of SMX in the MNBs-NaClO system, three degradation pathways were proposed: nitrosation, S-N bond breaking, chlorine substitution and chlorine oxidation. This study evaluated the removal efficiency of sulfonamide antibiotics by the synergistic MNBs-NaClO technology, revealing unique degradation mechanisms and fate pathways. It provides a critical theoretical basis for precisely predicting their environmental behavior and ecological risks in advanced oxidation systems/aquatic environments.

Graphical abstract

In MNBs-NaClO system, MNBs enhanced the oxidative capacity of the system by promoting the generation of active oxidants (·OH, HClO), which promoted the multi-pathway degradation of SMX: the amino group on the benzene ring of SMX was directly oxidized to form the intermediate m/z 284, in the strong oxidative system. The strong oxidative properties of the system can break the S-N bond of SMX, resulting in hydroxylation of the isoxazole ring and the formation of the intermediate m/z 114. The effective chlorine in NaClO, HClO, underwent electrophilic reaction with hydrogen atoms on the amino group, resulting in the chlorinated products m/z 287 and m/z 391.