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<p>Urban green spaces function as essential ecological infrastructures that not only facilitate recreational activities but also play a critical role in sustaining and improving urban environmental quality. However, health risks associated with these spaces in China remain insufficiently characterized. This study systematically collected 90 soil samples from park and roadside green spaces across five districts of Nanchang, utilizing X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for quantitative analysis of major heavy metal contaminants. The results indicated elevated concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cr in Donghu District soils, although all single-factor pollution indices (<i>Pi</i>) remained below 1.00. Comprehensive pollution assessment classified contamination levels as either mild (1.00 &lt; <i>P</i><sub><i>N</i></sub> ≤ 2.00) or moderate (2.00 &lt; <i>P</i><sub><i>N</i></sub> ≤ 3.00), with ecological risk indices (RI) consistently below 30, signifying low ecological hazards. Exposure pathway analysis identified oral ingestion as the primary route of heavy metal intake for Nanchang residents, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. Children exhibited higher potential non-carcinogenic risks compared to adults, with Cd specifically posing oral exposure risks to pediatric populations. Cumulative carcinogenic risk assessments for Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb yielded values of 1.57 × 10<sup>–6</sup> and 1.23 × 10<sup>–6</sup> respectively, slightly exceeding the 10<sup>–6</sup> safety threshold yet remaining within low-risk parameters. These findings underscore the necessity for enhanced environmental monitoring in core urban green spaces and provide crucial evidence-based insights for developing region-specific public health interventions, ultimately contributing to the formulation of scientifically grounded strategies for urban ecological management and population health protection.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Quantitative health risk evaluation of heavy metal contamination in urban green spaces: a case study of Nanchang’s metropolitan core

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月5日

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  • Yuexuan Wang,
  • Xiangjun Wang,
  • Changmao Long,
  • Zhihong Zhang,
  • Xianglei Cheng,
  • Baojun Zhang

摘要

Urban green spaces function as essential ecological infrastructures that not only facilitate recreational activities but also play a critical role in sustaining and improving urban environmental quality. However, health risks associated with these spaces in China remain insufficiently characterized. This study systematically collected 90 soil samples from park and roadside green spaces across five districts of Nanchang, utilizing X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for quantitative analysis of major heavy metal contaminants. The results indicated elevated concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cr in Donghu District soils, although all single-factor pollution indices (Pi) remained below 1.00. Comprehensive pollution assessment classified contamination levels as either mild (1.00 < PN ≤ 2.00) or moderate (2.00 < PN ≤ 3.00), with ecological risk indices (RI) consistently below 30, signifying low ecological hazards. Exposure pathway analysis identified oral ingestion as the primary route of heavy metal intake for Nanchang residents, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. Children exhibited higher potential non-carcinogenic risks compared to adults, with Cd specifically posing oral exposure risks to pediatric populations. Cumulative carcinogenic risk assessments for Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb yielded values of 1.57 × 10–6 and 1.23 × 10–6 respectively, slightly exceeding the 10–6 safety threshold yet remaining within low-risk parameters. These findings underscore the necessity for enhanced environmental monitoring in core urban green spaces and provide crucial evidence-based insights for developing region-specific public health interventions, ultimately contributing to the formulation of scientifically grounded strategies for urban ecological management and population health protection.

Graphical abstract