<p>The natural environment and public health are gravely threatened by the enrichment of soil potentially toxic elements (PTEs). To explore the contamination level, sources and human health risks posed by PTEs, high-density soil sampling was carried out in the upper Wei River region (UWRR). The results demonstrated that the pollution risk and ecological risk in UWRR as a whole were at a low level, but there were moderate or higher ecological risks of Hg and Cd in some areas. Source analysis of soil PTEs was conducted via absolute principal component score multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor models. APCS-MLR identified three potential sources, while the source division of PMF model was more detailed, which identified four potential sources: mining, coal combustion, machinery manufacturing and agricultural sources, with contribution percentages of 31%, 3%, 37% and 29% respectively. According to the probabilistic human health risk assessment (HHRA), the non-carcinogenic risk for adults was negligible, while that for children cannot be negligible. There were total carcinogenic risks for all populations, but the risk level was acceptable. The total cancer risk for children surpassed 1E-04 by 31.29%, implying a significant carcinogenic risk. Machinery manufacturing was found to be the most significant anthropogenic source of health concerns. This study offers an illustration of probabilistic risk assessment based on sources. The results of the study are favorable to provide new perspectives and scientific reference for soil PTE risk assessment and pollution control.</p>