<p>This meta-analysis examined the relationship between Big Five personality traits (neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and openness) and test anxiety among student population. Based on Control-Value Theory, this meta-analysis aims to group Big Five traits into two clusters based on their relative importance to test anxiety. By searching from both Chinese and English databases and incorporating 26 studies with 13,764 participants from various countries, the results generally supported the two-cluster trait classification: one primary trait cluster, comprising neuroticism (<i>r</i> = 0.42, 95% CI [0.35, 0.48] and conscientiousness (<i>r</i> = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.20, -0.02]), was significantly related to test anxiety, and one secondary trait cluster, including agreeableness (<i>r</i> = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.07]), openness (<i>r</i> = -0.04, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.06]) and extraversion (<i>r</i> = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.20, -0.06]), was not associated with test anxiety (except for extraversion). Potential moderators were also examined, and the results show that age significantly moderated some of these relationships. Specifically, for older students, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness were negatively associated with test anxiety. Our meta-analysis makes the first attempt to provide a comprehensive and nuanced synthesis of the relationship between personality traits and test anxiety, and our conclusions could help to facilitate the development of targeted interventions to cope with test anxiety.</p>