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<p>Both biochar and nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) are increasingly used to remediate soils polluted with heavy metals, such as the toxic Cr(VI). However, how soil microbiomes respond to biochar and nZVI applied in Cr(VI)-contaminated soil has not yet been clarified. The current study compared the effects of bare nZVI (B-nZVI) and starch-stabilized nZVI (S-nZVI) at 100 and 1000&#xa0;mg/kg on soil enzyme activity and microbial communities in Cr(VI)-contaminated soil growing mung bean amended with or without 1% biochar. High-throughput metagenomic sequencing was conducted to determine the evenness (Simpson index), diversity (Shannon index), and richness (Chao-1 index) of soil bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses. Soil catalase activity was inhibited by S-nZVI but stimulated by biochar. Soil phosphatase activity was stimulated by both types of nZVI, but not influenced by biochar. The combination of 1000&#xa0;mg/kg nZVI and biochar decreased bacterial and fungal evenness and diversity, but did not significantly alter their richness. Archaeal communities remained relatively stable across most treatments. The evenness and diversity of viral communities increased significantly at 1000&#xa0;mg/kg S-nZVI, whereas the richness decreased conversely. PCoA showed that soil microbial community structure was significantly changed by 1000&#xa0;mg/kg S-nZVI, which diminished Actinobacteria but enriched <i>Cellvibrio</i>. Furthermore, 1000&#xa0;mg/kg S-nZVI increased the abundances of some genes involved in antioxidant enzymes and the metabolism of Fe and Cr, and decreased the abundance of C-cycling genes significantly. Overall, S-nZVI caused significant perturbations in soil microbial activity and community structure, but these adverse effects were alleviated by the incorporation of biochar.</p>

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Response of soil microbiomes to nano-zero-valent iron and biochar in Cr(VI)-contaminated soil remediation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月2日

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  • Zhihang Shao,
  • Fangyuan Zheng,
  • Jiao Sun,
  • Heng Wei,
  • Yuhuan Sun,
  • Fayuan Wang

摘要

Both biochar and nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) are increasingly used to remediate soils polluted with heavy metals, such as the toxic Cr(VI). However, how soil microbiomes respond to biochar and nZVI applied in Cr(VI)-contaminated soil has not yet been clarified. The current study compared the effects of bare nZVI (B-nZVI) and starch-stabilized nZVI (S-nZVI) at 100 and 1000 mg/kg on soil enzyme activity and microbial communities in Cr(VI)-contaminated soil growing mung bean amended with or without 1% biochar. High-throughput metagenomic sequencing was conducted to determine the evenness (Simpson index), diversity (Shannon index), and richness (Chao-1 index) of soil bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses. Soil catalase activity was inhibited by S-nZVI but stimulated by biochar. Soil phosphatase activity was stimulated by both types of nZVI, but not influenced by biochar. The combination of 1000 mg/kg nZVI and biochar decreased bacterial and fungal evenness and diversity, but did not significantly alter their richness. Archaeal communities remained relatively stable across most treatments. The evenness and diversity of viral communities increased significantly at 1000 mg/kg S-nZVI, whereas the richness decreased conversely. PCoA showed that soil microbial community structure was significantly changed by 1000 mg/kg S-nZVI, which diminished Actinobacteria but enriched Cellvibrio. Furthermore, 1000 mg/kg S-nZVI increased the abundances of some genes involved in antioxidant enzymes and the metabolism of Fe and Cr, and decreased the abundance of C-cycling genes significantly. Overall, S-nZVI caused significant perturbations in soil microbial activity and community structure, but these adverse effects were alleviated by the incorporation of biochar.