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<p>Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained considerable attention due to their diverse application history and the range of fabrication methods, including chemical and biological approaches. However, concerns remain regarding their toxicological impacts on aquatic organisms. Therefore, the focus is on the synthesis and toxicity assessment of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using the common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>). The IONPs were fabricated using leaf extracts from <i>Prunus salicina</i>. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the crystalline structure, dispersity, and size below 100&#xa0;nm. Toxicity evaluation in freshwater fish revealed significant accumulation of IONPs in multiple organs, especially the intestines and gills. This bioaccumulation results in a pronounced histological alteration, including a reduction in intestinal villus width, and affected oxidative stress enzyme activity. Specifically, catalase activity was altered in the gills (0.1933 ± 0.02) and liver (1.183 ± 0.05). Furthermore, IONPs caused a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the gills (55.13 ± 3.69) and a substantial increase in the liver (273.08 ± 5.57). These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the long-term ecological effects of IONPs on aquatic life.</p>

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The biological synthesis of iron oxide nanomaterials and their possible physiological and biochemical toxicities in Cyprinus carpio

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月28日

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  • Nadia Bibi,
  • Nishita Narwal,
  • Muhammad Anees,
  • Huma Ayub,
  • Mian Adnan Kakakhel,
  • Tawaf Ali Shah,
  • Ashraf Khalifa,
  • Imran Ibrahim Shaikh

摘要

Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained considerable attention due to their diverse application history and the range of fabrication methods, including chemical and biological approaches. However, concerns remain regarding their toxicological impacts on aquatic organisms. Therefore, the focus is on the synthesis and toxicity assessment of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The IONPs were fabricated using leaf extracts from Prunus salicina. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the crystalline structure, dispersity, and size below 100 nm. Toxicity evaluation in freshwater fish revealed significant accumulation of IONPs in multiple organs, especially the intestines and gills. This bioaccumulation results in a pronounced histological alteration, including a reduction in intestinal villus width, and affected oxidative stress enzyme activity. Specifically, catalase activity was altered in the gills (0.1933 ± 0.02) and liver (1.183 ± 0.05). Furthermore, IONPs caused a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the gills (55.13 ± 3.69) and a substantial increase in the liver (273.08 ± 5.57). These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the long-term ecological effects of IONPs on aquatic life.