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<p>Agrochemical mixtures are widely used in agriculture to protect crops and ensure sustainable harvest. However, the combined mechanism underlying their impacts on the soil microbiome remains unknown. To address this, we conducted a laboratory experiment that investigated the effects of atrazine, thiamethoxam, and chlorpyriphos as single/mixed combinations at different doses and exposure times on soil microorganisms. The results revealed that the soil microbiome was differently impacted among the experimental conditions. The exposure time was found to be a key factor that significantly influenced the total abundance of the microbiome. The median values of the Simpson dominance, Pielou evenness, and Shannon-Weaver indices varied between 0.02 and 0.12, 0.18 and 0.33, and 2.5 and 3.4, respectively. Diversity indices exhibited significant variations (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) under tested agrochemicals exposure, notably in Simpson (<i>p</i> = 0.05) and Shannon-Weaver metrics (<i>p</i> = 0.03). The one-way ANOVA results revealed that atrazine had a negative effect on bacterial phyla, whereas mixtures of atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and thiamethoxam had a more significant negative effect on fungal phyla (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). An increase in exposure time negatively impacted the soil microbiome abundance when the soil was exposed to chlorpyriphos, atrazine, or a mixture of chlorpyriphos + thiamethoxam. The biomarker deviation index for each identified phenotype decreased with increasing exposure dose. Such changes could further alter the provision of soil functions in which the soil microbiome is a key actor. These factors could have consequences for the maintenance of related ecosystem services.</p>

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Agrochemical mixture combination, dose, and exposure time differently modulate soil microbiome phenotypes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • Emoke Dalma Kovacs,
  • Melinda Haydee Kovacs

摘要

Agrochemical mixtures are widely used in agriculture to protect crops and ensure sustainable harvest. However, the combined mechanism underlying their impacts on the soil microbiome remains unknown. To address this, we conducted a laboratory experiment that investigated the effects of atrazine, thiamethoxam, and chlorpyriphos as single/mixed combinations at different doses and exposure times on soil microorganisms. The results revealed that the soil microbiome was differently impacted among the experimental conditions. The exposure time was found to be a key factor that significantly influenced the total abundance of the microbiome. The median values of the Simpson dominance, Pielou evenness, and Shannon-Weaver indices varied between 0.02 and 0.12, 0.18 and 0.33, and 2.5 and 3.4, respectively. Diversity indices exhibited significant variations (p < 0.05) under tested agrochemicals exposure, notably in Simpson (p = 0.05) and Shannon-Weaver metrics (p = 0.03). The one-way ANOVA results revealed that atrazine had a negative effect on bacterial phyla, whereas mixtures of atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and thiamethoxam had a more significant negative effect on fungal phyla (p < 0.001). An increase in exposure time negatively impacted the soil microbiome abundance when the soil was exposed to chlorpyriphos, atrazine, or a mixture of chlorpyriphos + thiamethoxam. The biomarker deviation index for each identified phenotype decreased with increasing exposure dose. Such changes could further alter the provision of soil functions in which the soil microbiome is a key actor. These factors could have consequences for the maintenance of related ecosystem services.