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<p>Various chemical pesticides are commonly applied in rice field ecosystems to control insect pests, diseases, and weeds. However, pesticide residues and the resulting environmental pollution pose serious threats to the safety of farmland ecosystems. This study evaluated the acute toxicity of five insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, abamectin, pymetrozine, nitenpyram, and indoxacarb), five fungicides (trifloxystrobin, validamycin, tebuconazole, thiamethoxam, and propiconazole), and three herbicides (pretilachlor, cyhalofop-butyl, and penoxsulam) on the fourth-instar larvae of two chironomid species (<i>Chironomus kiiensis</i> and <i>Chironomus javanus</i>) commonly found in rice fields. Both species exhibited similar sensitivity patterns and were most sensitive to abamectin, trifloxystrobin, and pretilachlor. The 24&#xa0;h-LC₅₀ values for <i>C. kiiensis</i> were 0.56, 1.07, and 11.25&#xa0;mg/L, respectively, while those for <i>C. javanus</i> were 0.34, 0.19, and 9.01&#xa0;mg/L, respectively. <i>C. javanus</i> was more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole, abamectin, pymetrozine, nitenpyram, trifloxystrobin, tebuconazole, propiconazole, and pretilachlor, whereas <i>C. kiiensis</i> was more sensitive to indoxacarb, validamycin, thiamethoxam, cyhalofop-butyl, and penoxsulam. Assays of detoxifying enzyme activities revealed that exposure to abamectin, pretilachlor, and trifloxystrobin significantly increased the activities of carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione <i>S</i>-transferase (GSTs), but decreased mixed-function oxidase (MFO) activity in both species. These results showed pesticide sensitivity differences between these two chironomid species, underscoring the importance of selecting appropriate bioindicator species according to the specific pesticides being evaluated. This study provided a scientific basis for the ecotoxicological and environmental safety assessment of pesticides in rice field ecosystems.</p>

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Evaluation of acute toxicity and enzyme activity of commonly used pesticides in rice fields to Chironomus kiiensis and Chironomus javanus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • Leyuan Chen,
  • Jiawen Guo,
  • Yajun Yang,
  • Hongxing Xu,
  • Zhongxian Lu,
  • Xusong Zheng,
  • Yan Wu,
  • Yanhui Lu

摘要

Various chemical pesticides are commonly applied in rice field ecosystems to control insect pests, diseases, and weeds. However, pesticide residues and the resulting environmental pollution pose serious threats to the safety of farmland ecosystems. This study evaluated the acute toxicity of five insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, abamectin, pymetrozine, nitenpyram, and indoxacarb), five fungicides (trifloxystrobin, validamycin, tebuconazole, thiamethoxam, and propiconazole), and three herbicides (pretilachlor, cyhalofop-butyl, and penoxsulam) on the fourth-instar larvae of two chironomid species (Chironomus kiiensis and Chironomus javanus) commonly found in rice fields. Both species exhibited similar sensitivity patterns and were most sensitive to abamectin, trifloxystrobin, and pretilachlor. The 24 h-LC₅₀ values for C. kiiensis were 0.56, 1.07, and 11.25 mg/L, respectively, while those for C. javanus were 0.34, 0.19, and 9.01 mg/L, respectively. C. javanus was more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole, abamectin, pymetrozine, nitenpyram, trifloxystrobin, tebuconazole, propiconazole, and pretilachlor, whereas C. kiiensis was more sensitive to indoxacarb, validamycin, thiamethoxam, cyhalofop-butyl, and penoxsulam. Assays of detoxifying enzyme activities revealed that exposure to abamectin, pretilachlor, and trifloxystrobin significantly increased the activities of carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), but decreased mixed-function oxidase (MFO) activity in both species. These results showed pesticide sensitivity differences between these two chironomid species, underscoring the importance of selecting appropriate bioindicator species according to the specific pesticides being evaluated. This study provided a scientific basis for the ecotoxicological and environmental safety assessment of pesticides in rice field ecosystems.