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<p>Given the widespread applications of carbon-based nanomaterials (NMs), it is critical to evaluate their potential adverse effects. While rodent models have been instrumental in assessing NMs’ toxicity, there is a growing need to develop alternative models to advance the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement). This study aimed at developing yellow mealworms (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i>) as an alternative model to investigate the toxicity of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), with a focus on metabolic and transcriptomic perturbations. Mealworms were fed wheat bran mixed with 1% (w/w) NMs for 14 days (food replaced every 2 days), after which metabolomic and transcriptomic experiments were conducted. Although NM exposure did not significantly increase mortality or impair locomotor activity, GNSs delayed ecdysis and pupation timelines. Both NMs significantly reduced bodyweight gain compared to controls. Metabolomic profiling revealed that GNSs and MWCNTs upregulated 1-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and lysophosphatidylcholine LPC (18:2/0:0) while down-regulating glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate. GNS exposure additionally reduced ascorbic acid, whereas MWCNTs suppressed thymine. RNA sequencing data demonstrated that both NMs disrupted gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways linked to metabolic and biosynthetic processes, including fatty acid metabolism/biosynthesis, ascorbic and aldarate metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. Collectively, these findings indicate that GNSs and MWCNTs interfere with yellow mealworm development and alter their metabolite profiles through modulating metabolic pathways.</p>

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Exposure of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) to graphene nanosheets and multi-walled carbon nanotubes alters metabolite and gene expression profiles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月4日

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  • Yingjie Wang,
  • Miao Sun,
  • Lu Gan,
  • Jiaxinyu Ning,
  • Qing Liu,
  • Yi Cao

摘要

Given the widespread applications of carbon-based nanomaterials (NMs), it is critical to evaluate their potential adverse effects. While rodent models have been instrumental in assessing NMs’ toxicity, there is a growing need to develop alternative models to advance the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement). This study aimed at developing yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) as an alternative model to investigate the toxicity of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), with a focus on metabolic and transcriptomic perturbations. Mealworms were fed wheat bran mixed with 1% (w/w) NMs for 14 days (food replaced every 2 days), after which metabolomic and transcriptomic experiments were conducted. Although NM exposure did not significantly increase mortality or impair locomotor activity, GNSs delayed ecdysis and pupation timelines. Both NMs significantly reduced bodyweight gain compared to controls. Metabolomic profiling revealed that GNSs and MWCNTs upregulated 1-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and lysophosphatidylcholine LPC (18:2/0:0) while down-regulating glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate. GNS exposure additionally reduced ascorbic acid, whereas MWCNTs suppressed thymine. RNA sequencing data demonstrated that both NMs disrupted gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways linked to metabolic and biosynthetic processes, including fatty acid metabolism/biosynthesis, ascorbic and aldarate metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. Collectively, these findings indicate that GNSs and MWCNTs interfere with yellow mealworm development and alter their metabolite profiles through modulating metabolic pathways.