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<p>This research investigated the acute toxic impacts of copper oxychloride fungicide (COF) on the earthworm <i>Eudrilus eugeniae</i>, using standardized contact filter paper test (CFPT) and artificial soil toxicity test (ASTT), along with biochemical, histological, and behavioral evaluations. The CFPT showed a 48 h LC₅₀ of 220.82&#xa0;µg/cm², placing COF in the moderately toxic category. In the ASTT, the 14-day LC₅₀ was calculated to be 292.20&#xa0;mg/kg, indicating comparatively lower toxicity in soil environments compared with other commonly used pesticides. Biochemical assessments revealed disrupted antioxidant and detoxification processes, characterized by elevated protein content and increased GST activity, while key enzymes such as AChE, GSH, SOD, CAT, and CBE showed significant declines. Additionally, heightened lipid peroxidation and a shortened neutral red retention time indicated oxidative damage and cellular toxicity. Microscopic examination showed distinct, dose-dependent tissue degradation, especially within the muscular and epithelial structures. Behaviorally, treated worms exhibited delayed self-assembly responses, indicating neurological and sub-lethal toxic effects. Collectively, these results demonstrate that COF exposure imposes significant biochemical and physiological stress on <i>E. eugeniae</i>, raising concerns about its environmental safety and potential threats to soil biodiversity.</p>

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Sub-lethal toxicological effects of copper oxychloride fungicide (COF) on the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae: A multi-biomarker assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月4日

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  • Nachimuthu Krishnan Sujeeth,
  • Vamuni Kandasamy Kalaivanan,
  • Muruganandam Maheswaree,
  • Murugesan Gnanadesigan

摘要

This research investigated the acute toxic impacts of copper oxychloride fungicide (COF) on the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae, using standardized contact filter paper test (CFPT) and artificial soil toxicity test (ASTT), along with biochemical, histological, and behavioral evaluations. The CFPT showed a 48 h LC₅₀ of 220.82 µg/cm², placing COF in the moderately toxic category. In the ASTT, the 14-day LC₅₀ was calculated to be 292.20 mg/kg, indicating comparatively lower toxicity in soil environments compared with other commonly used pesticides. Biochemical assessments revealed disrupted antioxidant and detoxification processes, characterized by elevated protein content and increased GST activity, while key enzymes such as AChE, GSH, SOD, CAT, and CBE showed significant declines. Additionally, heightened lipid peroxidation and a shortened neutral red retention time indicated oxidative damage and cellular toxicity. Microscopic examination showed distinct, dose-dependent tissue degradation, especially within the muscular and epithelial structures. Behaviorally, treated worms exhibited delayed self-assembly responses, indicating neurological and sub-lethal toxic effects. Collectively, these results demonstrate that COF exposure imposes significant biochemical and physiological stress on E. eugeniae, raising concerns about its environmental safety and potential threats to soil biodiversity.