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<p>The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the ten most used pesticides in the global agricultural sector. Despite its effectiveness, studies have shown its negative effects on non-target organisms in the soil, resulting in toxic effects. Therefore, this study aims to analyze whether exposure to sublethal concentrations of 2,4-D induces changes in growth and biochemical markers in earthworms (<i>Eisenia andrei</i>). Earthworms were exposed to four sublethal concentrations (250, 500, 750, and 1000 µg a.i. kg<sup>−1</sup>) of 2,4-D (DEZ, UPL<sup>®</sup>) for 21 days. We observed a significant reduction in earthworm growth at all concentrations evaluated, when compared to the control. Our data show that 2,4-D was able to induce oxidative damage in earthworms after 21 days of exposure, as demonstrated by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), and carbonyl protein (CP). By the other hand, we observed an increase in antioxidant activity, both enzymatic of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and non-enzymatic, as demonstrated by the antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), which represents that earthworms exposed to different concentrations of 2,4-D activated their antioxidant responses to overcome the cellular damage caused by herbicide. These changes in the physiological state of the animals may have contributed to the reduction in their growth capacity. Overall, our results suggest that earthworms exposed to 2,4-D may lose the ability to perform their essential ecological functions correctly, posing a risk to their survival and, consequently, compromising soil quality.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sublethal concentrations of 2,4-D reduce growth and induce oxidative stress in Eisenia andrei

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月5日

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  • Edivania Gelati de Batista,
  • Jaíne Ames,
  • Tamiris Rosso Storck,
  • Maiara Dorneles Costa,
  • Sofia Bertoli,
  • Adriele Tassinari,
  • Talita Andreolli,
  • Osmar Damian Prestes,
  • Barbara Estevão Clasen,
  • Antônio Azambuja Miragem,
  • Vania Lucia Loro

摘要

The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the ten most used pesticides in the global agricultural sector. Despite its effectiveness, studies have shown its negative effects on non-target organisms in the soil, resulting in toxic effects. Therefore, this study aims to analyze whether exposure to sublethal concentrations of 2,4-D induces changes in growth and biochemical markers in earthworms (Eisenia andrei). Earthworms were exposed to four sublethal concentrations (250, 500, 750, and 1000 µg a.i. kg−1) of 2,4-D (DEZ, UPL®) for 21 days. We observed a significant reduction in earthworm growth at all concentrations evaluated, when compared to the control. Our data show that 2,4-D was able to induce oxidative damage in earthworms after 21 days of exposure, as demonstrated by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), and carbonyl protein (CP). By the other hand, we observed an increase in antioxidant activity, both enzymatic of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and non-enzymatic, as demonstrated by the antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), which represents that earthworms exposed to different concentrations of 2,4-D activated their antioxidant responses to overcome the cellular damage caused by herbicide. These changes in the physiological state of the animals may have contributed to the reduction in their growth capacity. Overall, our results suggest that earthworms exposed to 2,4-D may lose the ability to perform their essential ecological functions correctly, posing a risk to their survival and, consequently, compromising soil quality.

Graphical Abstract