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<p>The present era is widely recognized as the nanotechnology era, partly because of significant advances in nanomaterial development over the past few decades. This growth in the field has led to substantial increases in the production, consumption, and disposal of nanoparticles (NPs). One of the most widely used is zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). These NPs attract attention due to their specific properties and potential applications. Presenting potential applications across biomedical, medical, agricultural, and healthcare fields, as well as in the development of antimicrobial and photocatalytic materials. Therefore, this review aims to synthesize the current knowledge about the main characteristics of ZnO-NPs, their toxicological mechanisms, and environmental effects on aquatic organisms, with a focus on fish species. The findings provide a wide comparison of the main characteristics – synthesis methods, size, shape, concentration, surface chemistry, and sedimentation, which influence the toxicity. As a consequence, some studies are exploring strategies to mitigate toxic effects, as green-synthesis of ZnO-NPs and the use of antioxidant substances, offering new insights to reduce environmental risks. The primary toxic effects recognized of ZnO-NPs on fish were the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), followed by the release of Zn2 + ions by dissolution of the NPs. Therefore, the toxicological effects were characterized by an increase in the response of the antioxidant system’s enzymatic components and the differential expression of genes involved in the oxidative stress pathway. The alternative synthesis mode was explored in a few studies; in addition to supplementation with vitamins E and C, thymol, selenium, and resveratrol were able to mitigate the toxic effects of ZnO-NPs. The results in the literature reinforce the importance of environmental monitoring and future discussions on regulations regarding the use, production, and disposal of ZnO NPs, in order to ensure the protection of aquatic environments and organisms.</p>

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Toxicological aspects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their impact on fishes: A review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月25日

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  • Luis Phelipe de Souza Miranda,
  • Vitória Colucci Oliveira,
  • Liah Chiuratto Buba,
  • Eduarda Roberta Bordin,
  • Marta Margarete Cestari

摘要

The present era is widely recognized as the nanotechnology era, partly because of significant advances in nanomaterial development over the past few decades. This growth in the field has led to substantial increases in the production, consumption, and disposal of nanoparticles (NPs). One of the most widely used is zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). These NPs attract attention due to their specific properties and potential applications. Presenting potential applications across biomedical, medical, agricultural, and healthcare fields, as well as in the development of antimicrobial and photocatalytic materials. Therefore, this review aims to synthesize the current knowledge about the main characteristics of ZnO-NPs, their toxicological mechanisms, and environmental effects on aquatic organisms, with a focus on fish species. The findings provide a wide comparison of the main characteristics – synthesis methods, size, shape, concentration, surface chemistry, and sedimentation, which influence the toxicity. As a consequence, some studies are exploring strategies to mitigate toxic effects, as green-synthesis of ZnO-NPs and the use of antioxidant substances, offering new insights to reduce environmental risks. The primary toxic effects recognized of ZnO-NPs on fish were the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), followed by the release of Zn2 + ions by dissolution of the NPs. Therefore, the toxicological effects were characterized by an increase in the response of the antioxidant system’s enzymatic components and the differential expression of genes involved in the oxidative stress pathway. The alternative synthesis mode was explored in a few studies; in addition to supplementation with vitamins E and C, thymol, selenium, and resveratrol were able to mitigate the toxic effects of ZnO-NPs. The results in the literature reinforce the importance of environmental monitoring and future discussions on regulations regarding the use, production, and disposal of ZnO NPs, in order to ensure the protection of aquatic environments and organisms.