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<p>Grass carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>) is both an invasive species in North America and an important aquaculture fish in China, making effective and species-specific management strategies essential. Among non-physical fish deterrents, acoustic barriers show considerable potential for guiding or excluding fish without ecological damage. This study assessed the behavioral responses of juvenile grass carp to a series of temporal-spectral variants derived from the Chinese alligator (<i>Alligator sinensis</i>) roar, including one reference version and six modified versions with altered spectral and temporal characteristics. Behavioral metrics such as response frequency, swimming speed, and escape patterns were recorded under controlled laboratory conditions. The results revealed that several modified sound variants, particularly those with prominent sound pressure energy between 500 and 2000&#xa0;Hz, elicited significantly stronger avoidance behaviors compared to the control and unmodified sound treatments (<i>H</i> = 69.639, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). Fish exposed to these variants also exhibited increased response velocity and escape intensity. These findings suggest that optimizing the temporal and spectral structure of predator-derived sounds can enhance the effectiveness of acoustic deterrent systems and provide valuable insights for invasive fish management and riverine conservation.</p>

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Behavioral responses of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) to temporal-spectral variants of a predator-derived sound

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Yujiao Wu,
  • Ji Yang,
  • Guoyong Liu,
  • Jiawei Xu,
  • Senfan Ke,
  • Dongqing Li,
  • Chenyu Lin,
  • Xiaotao Shi

摘要

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is both an invasive species in North America and an important aquaculture fish in China, making effective and species-specific management strategies essential. Among non-physical fish deterrents, acoustic barriers show considerable potential for guiding or excluding fish without ecological damage. This study assessed the behavioral responses of juvenile grass carp to a series of temporal-spectral variants derived from the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) roar, including one reference version and six modified versions with altered spectral and temporal characteristics. Behavioral metrics such as response frequency, swimming speed, and escape patterns were recorded under controlled laboratory conditions. The results revealed that several modified sound variants, particularly those with prominent sound pressure energy between 500 and 2000 Hz, elicited significantly stronger avoidance behaviors compared to the control and unmodified sound treatments (H = 69.639, P < 0.001). Fish exposed to these variants also exhibited increased response velocity and escape intensity. These findings suggest that optimizing the temporal and spectral structure of predator-derived sounds can enhance the effectiveness of acoustic deterrent systems and provide valuable insights for invasive fish management and riverine conservation.