Commodification of nature and labor precarity: the extraction of beach cobbles in Northern Mexico
摘要
This paper discusses the transformation of nature into market commodities by focusing on the extraction of beach pebbles from Mexico for export to the USA. In Baja California, the extraction of beach pebbles serves as the primary source of income for many Indigenous workers who constitute an invisible workforce employed in the informal economy. The importation of natural resources from Mexico to address water scarcity and arid landscapes in the USA, I argue, has fostered new forms of Mexican labor precarity associated with extractive “green industries.” Geographical isolation, unregulated workspaces, and natural environments, I contend, intersect to exacerbate labor precarity in this extractive industry. As the rocks move along the transnational commodity chain, there is a gradual reification of nature that turns them into market commodities, wherein the labor and environmental impacts of capitalist extractive activities are incrementally obscured. The result is a transfiguration process that erases the labor and ecological footprint of their extraction, which I refer to as a transnational geography of violence.