<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbbm {1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mn mathvariant="double-struck">1</mn> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be the all-one vector and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\odot \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>⊙</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denote the component-wise multiplication of two vectors in <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {F}_2^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We study the vector space <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma _n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> over <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {F}_2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> generated by the functions <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma _{2k}:\mathbb {F}_2^n \rightarrow \mathbb {F}_2^n, k\ge 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>:</mo> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> <mo>,</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <Equation ID="Equ3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \gamma _{2k}(x) = S^{2k}(x)\odot (\mathbbm {1}+S^{2k-1}(x))\odot (\mathbbm {1}+S^{2k-3}(x))\odot \cdots \odot (\mathbbm {1}+S(x)) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>S</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>⊙</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn mathvariant="double-struck">1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>S</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>⊙</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn mathvariant="double-struck">1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>S</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>⊙</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>⊙</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn mathvariant="double-struck">1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>and <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S:\mathbb {F}_2^n\rightarrow \mathbb {F}_2^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>:</mo> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the cyclic left shift function. The functions in <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma _n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are shift invariant and the well-known <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>χ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> function used in several cryptographic primitives is contained in <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma _n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. For even <i>n</i>, we show that the permutations from <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma _n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, with respect to composition, form an abelian group, which is isomorphic to the unit group of the ring <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {F}_2[X]/(X^n +X^{n/2})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This isomorphism yields an efficient theoretic and algorithmic method for constructing and studying a rich family of shift-invariant permutations on <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {F}_2^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> which are natural generalizations of <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>χ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. To demonstrate it, we apply the obtained results to investigate the function <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma _0 +\gamma _2+\gamma _4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>γ</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>γ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>γ</mi> <mn>4</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {F}_2^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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There are siblings of \(\chi \) which are permutations for n even

  • Björn Kriepke,
  • Gohar Kyureghyan

摘要

Let \(\mathbbm {1}\) 1 be the all-one vector and \(\odot \) denote the component-wise multiplication of two vectors in \(\mathbb {F}_2^n\) F 2 n . We study the vector space \(\Gamma _n\) Γ n over \(\mathbb {F}_2\) F 2 generated by the functions \(\gamma _{2k}:\mathbb {F}_2^n \rightarrow \mathbb {F}_2^n, k\ge 0\) γ 2 k : F 2 n F 2 n , k 0 , where \( \gamma _{2k}(x) = S^{2k}(x)\odot (\mathbbm {1}+S^{2k-1}(x))\odot (\mathbbm {1}+S^{2k-3}(x))\odot \cdots \odot (\mathbbm {1}+S(x)) \) γ 2 k ( x ) = S 2 k ( x ) ( 1 + S 2 k - 1 ( x ) ) ( 1 + S 2 k - 3 ( x ) ) ( 1 + S ( x ) ) and \(S:\mathbb {F}_2^n\rightarrow \mathbb {F}_2^n\) S : F 2 n F 2 n is the cyclic left shift function. The functions in \(\Gamma _n\) Γ n are shift invariant and the well-known \(\chi \) χ function used in several cryptographic primitives is contained in \(\Gamma _n\) Γ n . For even n, we show that the permutations from \(\Gamma _n\) Γ n , with respect to composition, form an abelian group, which is isomorphic to the unit group of the ring \(\mathbb {F}_2[X]/(X^n +X^{n/2})\) F 2 [ X ] / ( X n + X n / 2 ) . This isomorphism yields an efficient theoretic and algorithmic method for constructing and studying a rich family of shift-invariant permutations on \(\mathbb {F}_2^n\) F 2 n which are natural generalizations of \(\chi \) χ . To demonstrate it, we apply the obtained results to investigate the function \(\gamma _0 +\gamma _2+\gamma _4\) γ 0 + γ 2 + γ 4 on \(\mathbb {F}_2^n\) F 2 n .