<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10623_2025_1714_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q=p^m\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <i>p</i> is an odd prime and <i>m</i> is a positive integer, and let <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10623_2025_1714_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {F}_{q^2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> <msup> <mi>q</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denote the finite field with <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10623_2025_1714_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q^2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>q</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> elements. In this paper, we determine the boomerang uniformity of the power function <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10623_2025_1714_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="87" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f(x)=x^{q+2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> over <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10623_2025_1714_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {F}_{q^2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> <msup> <mi>q</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10623_2025_1714_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( q \equiv 1 \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> or <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10623_2025_1714_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="10" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (mod 6). Furthermore, for the case <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10623_2025_1714_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q\equiv 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (mod 6), we also present additional properties of its boomerang spectrum. The paper employs refined techniques from algebraic number theory and the theory of finite fields, using tools like character sums to analyze the boomerang properties of functions over finite fields, which are believed to be applicable for addressing similar problems.</p>

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On the boomerang properties of \(x^{q+2}\) over \(\mathbb {F}_{q^2}\)

  • Sihem Mesnager,
  • Huawei Wu

摘要

Let \(q=p^m\) q = p m , where p is an odd prime and m is a positive integer, and let \(\mathbb {F}_{q^2}\) F q 2 denote the finite field with \(q^2\) q 2 elements. In this paper, we determine the boomerang uniformity of the power function \(f(x)=x^{q+2}\) f ( x ) = x q + 2 over \(\mathbb {F}_{q^2}\) F q 2 for \( q \equiv 1 \) q 1 or \( 3\) 3 (mod 6). Furthermore, for the case \(q\equiv 3\) q 3 (mod 6), we also present additional properties of its boomerang spectrum. The paper employs refined techniques from algebraic number theory and the theory of finite fields, using tools like character sums to analyze the boomerang properties of functions over finite fields, which are believed to be applicable for addressing similar problems.