Sequential query prediction based on multi-armed bandits with ensemble of transformer experts and immediate feedback

We study the problem of predicting the next query to be recommended in interactive data exploratory analysis to guide users to correct content. Current query prediction approaches are based on sequence-to-sequence learning, exploiting past interaction data. However, due to the resource-hungry training process, such approaches fail to adapt to immediate user feedback. Immediate feedback is essential and considered as a signal of the user’s intent. We contribute with a novel query prediction ensemble mechanism, which adapts to immediate feedback relying on multi-armed bandits framework. Our mechanism, an extension to the popular Exp3 algorithm, augments Transformer-based language models for query predictions by combining predictions from experts, thus dynamically building a candidate set during exploration. Immediate feedback is leveraged to choose the appropriate prediction in a probabilistic fashion. We provide comprehensive large-scale experimental and comparative assessment using a popular online literature discovery service, which showcases that our mechanism (i) improves the per-round regret substantially against state-of-the-art Transformer-based models and (ii) shows the superiority of causal language modelling over masked language modelling for query recommendations.