Purpose <p>This study delved into the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of attentional bias modification (ABM) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), both individually and in combination, while also exploring how baseline attentional bias patterns (BABPs) shape intervention effectiveness.</p> Methods <p>In Experiment 1 (<i>N</i> = 104) and Experiment 2 (<i>N</i> = 96), participants completed a pre-test to assess their state anxiety and attentional bias scores. They were classified as individuals with either vigilance or avoidance patterns based on baseline attentional bias scores, and were then randomly assigned to one of three interventions: ABM + tDCS, ABM + sham tDCS, or resting + tDCS. Experiment 2 introduced an additional control group receiving sham ABM + sham tDCS. Experiment 1 evaluated interventions’ effectiveness and the influence of BABPs, while Experiment 2 examined the subcomponents of attentional bias (engagement and disengagement), as well as the influence of BABPs. A post-test, identical to the pre-test, measured changes following the interventions.</p> Results <p>For individuals with a vigilance pattern, both the combined intervention and ABM reduced attentional bias by enhancing disengagement. For those with an avoidance pattern, all three interventions increased attentional bias, but only the combined intervention improved their engagement. All interventions led to a reduction in anxiety compared to the control group.</p> Conclusions <p>BABPs are pivotal predictors of intervention effectiveness. For individuals with a vigilance pattern, both the combined intervention and ABM are effective. However, for those with an avoidance pattern, the combined intervention yields the most effective modulations in terms of underlying mechanisms.</p>