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<p>Efficient 5G/6G networks require dynamic spectrum management to tackle scarcity. Consequently, we propose a new decentralized scheme for estimating unit prices for spectrum reuse. By modeling primary users’ pricing behavior as a dynamic non-cooperative Bertrand duopoly game, we reduce network communication complexity. The scheme utilizes delayed information regarding both the primary user’s state and its opponent’s state, operating under a bounded rationality mechanism. The learning algorithm quickly attains a Nash equilibrium, representing the fair outcome for this game. Numerical simulations demonstrate that primary user interaction can lead to chaotic behavior; however, adjusting parameters such as the learning rate, cost rate, and history weights maintains Nash equilibrium stability and delays the onset of bifurcation and chaos. Additionally, a feedback control method is introduced to manage chaos effectively. The proposed scheme offers a robust solution for spectrum efficiency in next-generation network technologies.</p>

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A historic learning approach to heuristic price decision-making in CRNs under bounded rationality

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Lhoussaine Daoudi,
  • Mohamed Ouaskou,
  • Mohamed Zagour,
  • Mohamed Baslam

摘要

Efficient 5G/6G networks require dynamic spectrum management to tackle scarcity. Consequently, we propose a new decentralized scheme for estimating unit prices for spectrum reuse. By modeling primary users’ pricing behavior as a dynamic non-cooperative Bertrand duopoly game, we reduce network communication complexity. The scheme utilizes delayed information regarding both the primary user’s state and its opponent’s state, operating under a bounded rationality mechanism. The learning algorithm quickly attains a Nash equilibrium, representing the fair outcome for this game. Numerical simulations demonstrate that primary user interaction can lead to chaotic behavior; however, adjusting parameters such as the learning rate, cost rate, and history weights maintains Nash equilibrium stability and delays the onset of bifurcation and chaos. Additionally, a feedback control method is introduced to manage chaos effectively. The proposed scheme offers a robust solution for spectrum efficiency in next-generation network technologies.