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<p>This study introduces MAG, a lightweight intrusion detection system (IDS) that couples a single-hidden-layer multilayer perceptron (MLP) with the Adam optimizer and a Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) for hyperparameter tuning. A Classification and Regression Tree (CART) stage in WEKA first derives compact five-feature subsets for the KDDCup99 and NSL-KDD benchmarks, enabling multiclass and binary evaluation with reduced input dimensionality. The leakage-free pipeline combines target encoding, capped Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) resampling to address class imbalance, and z-score normalization within a repeated nested cross-validation (CV) protocol. Across 25 runs, MAG consistently outperforms plain MLP and its Adam- and GWO-augmented variants in macro-averaged F1 score (F1), while using only 122 parameters and achieving sub-millisecond CPU inference with a negligible memory footprint. A nonparametric Friedman test over four dataset–task combinations confirms that MAG attains a significantly better overall ranking than the competing models, supporting its suitability for cost-aware IDS deployment.</p>

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Enhancing intrusion detection using MAG: a shallow multilayer perceptron tuned with Adam and grey wolf optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Iman Farhadian Dehkordi,
  • Kooroush Manochehri

摘要

This study introduces MAG, a lightweight intrusion detection system (IDS) that couples a single-hidden-layer multilayer perceptron (MLP) with the Adam optimizer and a Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) for hyperparameter tuning. A Classification and Regression Tree (CART) stage in WEKA first derives compact five-feature subsets for the KDDCup99 and NSL-KDD benchmarks, enabling multiclass and binary evaluation with reduced input dimensionality. The leakage-free pipeline combines target encoding, capped Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) resampling to address class imbalance, and z-score normalization within a repeated nested cross-validation (CV) protocol. Across 25 runs, MAG consistently outperforms plain MLP and its Adam- and GWO-augmented variants in macro-averaged F1 score (F1), while using only 122 parameters and achieving sub-millisecond CPU inference with a negligible memory footprint. A nonparametric Friedman test over four dataset–task combinations confirms that MAG attains a significantly better overall ranking than the competing models, supporting its suitability for cost-aware IDS deployment.