<p>Blockchain technology, as a decentralized and tamper-resistant data storage paradigm, has garnered widespread attention. However, its inherent requirement for full nodes to store complete historical data poses critical challenges, including storage bloat, escalating costs, and inefficient query performance. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a hot/cold separation storage optimization scheme for consortium blockchain full nodes. By leveraging access frequency and recency metrics, we design an LRU-2-based model to dynamically classify blocks into hot and cold categories. A LevelDB-indexed off-chain file system is developed to securely store cold data, while hot data remains on-chain for rapid accessibility. To ensure blockchain integrity, we further devise an on-chain/off-chain interaction protocol integrated with transparent data encryption (TDE) to safeguard off-chain data security. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that the proposed scheme reduces on-chain storage costs by 80%, enhances query throughput by 1.3–1.8<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10586_2025_5301_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\times$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and boosts on-chain transaction throughput by 2.6<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10586_2025_5301_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$-$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>-</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>5.2<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10586_2025_5301_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\times$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> across different storage media. Security analyses validate the robustness of the framework against tampering, data leakage, and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, ensuring data confidentiality and system reliability.</p>

An efficient hot/cold data separation scheme for storage optimization in consortium blockchain full nodes

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年8月30日

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Libo Feng,
Xian Deng

摘要

Blockchain technology, as a decentralized and tamper-resistant data storage paradigm, has garnered widespread attention. However, its inherent requirement for full nodes to store complete historical data poses critical challenges, including storage bloat, escalating costs, and inefficient query performance. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a hot/cold separation storage optimization scheme for consortium blockchain full nodes. By leveraging access frequency and recency metrics, we design an LRU-2-based model to dynamically classify blocks into hot and cold categories. A LevelDB-indexed off-chain file system is developed to securely store cold data, while hot data remains on-chain for rapid accessibility. To ensure blockchain integrity, we further devise an on-chain/off-chain interaction protocol integrated with transparent data encryption (TDE) to safeguard off-chain data security. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that the proposed scheme reduces on-chain storage costs by 80%, enhances query throughput by 1.3–1.8 $\times$ $\times$ , and boosts on-chain transaction throughput by 2.6 $-$ $-$ 5.2 $\times$ $\times$ across different storage media. Security analyses validate the robustness of the framework against tampering, data leakage, and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, ensuring data confidentiality and system reliability.