Current preclinical models of brain metastasis

Brain metastases (BMs) represent the most prevalent intracranial malignancy within the adult. They are identified in up to 20% of patients with solid tumors and this percentage varies between tumor types and age. Due to the selective permeability of the blood–brain barrier, most anticancer drugs can’t reach significant concentrations in the brain, representing a major obstacle to the patients’ survival. Furthermore, intra- and inter-patient heterogeneity and the unique brain microenvironment add a layer of complexity to the clinical management of BMs. In the perspective of finding new therapeutic approaches and better understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in brain metastasis, the use of appropriate preclinical models is essential. Here, we review current in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo models for the study of brain metastasis while outlining their advantages and limitations.