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<p>The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), a division of the autonomic nervous system, maintains physiological homeostasis within the body. The PNS seems to influence the processing of nociceptive information. A growing body of research indicates that the PNS actively contributes to various pain conditions associated with inflammation of tissues and/or neural damage. Therefore, the aim of this review is to integrate current findings regarding the peripheral parasympathetic pathways implicated in pain, encompassing direct cholinergic actions and indirect effects on the sensory nervous system. Enhanced insight into PNS-sensory interactions in pain could provide a basis for identifying new strategies for the prevention and management of pain conditions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>An overview of how peripheral parasympathetic pathways are implicated in pain. The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), whose postganglionic nerve fibers primarily release acetylcholine (ACh), modulates pain both through direct cholinergic actions and through indirect effects on the sensory nervous system. Indirect mechanisms include modulation of nociceptive mediators and channels, anti-inflammatory processes, the trigeminal-parasympathetic reflex, and parasympathetic–sympathetic interactions.</p> <p></p>

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Peripheral Parasympathetic Networks in Pain: A Systems-Level Review of Mechanisms and Modulations

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月8日

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  • Ruihan Yang,
  • Shilin Jia,
  • Yuanyuan Li,
  • Hui Yang,
  • Zongpu Han,
  • Lingyu Liang,
  • Fang Huang,
  • Wenguo Fan

摘要

The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), a division of the autonomic nervous system, maintains physiological homeostasis within the body. The PNS seems to influence the processing of nociceptive information. A growing body of research indicates that the PNS actively contributes to various pain conditions associated with inflammation of tissues and/or neural damage. Therefore, the aim of this review is to integrate current findings regarding the peripheral parasympathetic pathways implicated in pain, encompassing direct cholinergic actions and indirect effects on the sensory nervous system. Enhanced insight into PNS-sensory interactions in pain could provide a basis for identifying new strategies for the prevention and management of pain conditions.

Graphical Abstract

An overview of how peripheral parasympathetic pathways are implicated in pain. The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), whose postganglionic nerve fibers primarily release acetylcholine (ACh), modulates pain both through direct cholinergic actions and through indirect effects on the sensory nervous system. Indirect mechanisms include modulation of nociceptive mediators and channels, anti-inflammatory processes, the trigeminal-parasympathetic reflex, and parasympathetic–sympathetic interactions.