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<p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a complex and aggressive central nervous system (CNS) tumor that has a poor prognosis, and restricted therapeutic options are available despite the increasing research conducted. Moreover, the cells in our body package microRNAs, ubiquitous modulators of numerous biological processes, into exosomes for cell-to-cell signaling. Indeed, exosomal miRNAs contribute to several aspects of glioma, such as development, occurrence, metastasis, and immune evasion. Additionally, exosomal miRNAs play a key role in cellular functions and glioma pathogenesis by regulating numerous pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin, PTEN/PI3K/Akt, EGFR/MAPK, notch signaling, and NF-κB. Notably, exosomal miRNAs are recognized to have promising potential in clinical applications; in fact, exosomal miRNAs are emerging biomarkers for glioma diagnosis and prognosis and are additionally considered as putative therapeutic candidates by inhibiting tumor progression, occurrence, and metastasis. This review presents the current knowledge regarding clinical potential and application of exosomal miRNAs in glioma, as well as the miRNA-mediated regulatory network underlying glioma immunopathogenesis.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>Different aspects of exosomal microRNA (miRNA) in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Exosomal miRNAs play a multifaceted role in the diagnosis of GBM, predicting the survival outcome of GBM, and as innovative therapeutic measures for GBM. Additionally, exosomal miRNAs are involved in the immunomodulation of GBM, inducing an immunosuppressive status in microglia, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs).</p> <p></p>

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Microcargos with Megaeffects: A Literature Review of Immunomodulatory, Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Dimensions of Exosomal MicroRNAs in Glioblastoma Multiforme

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • Amirhossein Kamroo,
  • Arash Esmaeili,
  • Kiana Tahan,
  • Milad Shafizadeh,
  • Nima Rezaei

摘要

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a complex and aggressive central nervous system (CNS) tumor that has a poor prognosis, and restricted therapeutic options are available despite the increasing research conducted. Moreover, the cells in our body package microRNAs, ubiquitous modulators of numerous biological processes, into exosomes for cell-to-cell signaling. Indeed, exosomal miRNAs contribute to several aspects of glioma, such as development, occurrence, metastasis, and immune evasion. Additionally, exosomal miRNAs play a key role in cellular functions and glioma pathogenesis by regulating numerous pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin, PTEN/PI3K/Akt, EGFR/MAPK, notch signaling, and NF-κB. Notably, exosomal miRNAs are recognized to have promising potential in clinical applications; in fact, exosomal miRNAs are emerging biomarkers for glioma diagnosis and prognosis and are additionally considered as putative therapeutic candidates by inhibiting tumor progression, occurrence, and metastasis. This review presents the current knowledge regarding clinical potential and application of exosomal miRNAs in glioma, as well as the miRNA-mediated regulatory network underlying glioma immunopathogenesis.

Graphical Abstract

Different aspects of exosomal microRNA (miRNA) in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Exosomal miRNAs play a multifaceted role in the diagnosis of GBM, predicting the survival outcome of GBM, and as innovative therapeutic measures for GBM. Additionally, exosomal miRNAs are involved in the immunomodulation of GBM, inducing an immunosuppressive status in microglia, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs).