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<p>This study investigated the antioxidant activity and physicochemical characteristics of films made from bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) derived from fermented mature coconut water, with the addition of <i>Cosmos caudatus</i> leaf extract at varying concentrations (1000, 3000, and 5000&#xa0;ppm) using two incorporation methods: diffusion and homogenization. The antioxidant activity, measured by the DPPH radical scavenging assay, was significantly influenced by extract concentration when using the diffusion method, showing a direct correlation between higher extract levels and increased scavenging capacity. In contrast, the homogenization method yielded maximum DPPH inhibition (84–88%) even at the lowest concentration (1000&#xa0;ppm), with minimal incremental effect at higher concentrations. However, exposure to heat drastically reduced the antioxidant activity of homogenized samples, while diffusion-incorporated films showed better thermal stability of antioxidant properties. The incorporation method also influenced the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the films. Diffusion reduced tensile strength but had no significant effect on elongation, while homogenization enhanced elongation significantly. Morphological analysis revealed a rougher surface in homogenized samples. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that films from the homogenization method degraded at a lower temperature (270&#xa0;°C) compared to those prepared by diffusion (300&#xa0;°C). These findings highlight the importance of incorporation method and concentration in tailoring BNC-based films with antioxidant functionality and desired material properties.</p>

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Antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties of bacterial nanocellulose-based films enriched with cosmos leaf extract: effects of concentration and incorporation method

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • R. H. Fitri Faradilla,
  • Muhammad Iqbal Kusumabaka Rianse,
  • Marianne Riani Mundeh,
  • Sarinah,
  • Mariani L. Mariani,
  • Sri Rejeki,
  • Tamrin Tamrin,
  • Nini Mila Rahni,
  • Ilma Sarimustaqiyma Rianse,
  • Jayashree Arcot

摘要

This study investigated the antioxidant activity and physicochemical characteristics of films made from bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) derived from fermented mature coconut water, with the addition of Cosmos caudatus leaf extract at varying concentrations (1000, 3000, and 5000 ppm) using two incorporation methods: diffusion and homogenization. The antioxidant activity, measured by the DPPH radical scavenging assay, was significantly influenced by extract concentration when using the diffusion method, showing a direct correlation between higher extract levels and increased scavenging capacity. In contrast, the homogenization method yielded maximum DPPH inhibition (84–88%) even at the lowest concentration (1000 ppm), with minimal incremental effect at higher concentrations. However, exposure to heat drastically reduced the antioxidant activity of homogenized samples, while diffusion-incorporated films showed better thermal stability of antioxidant properties. The incorporation method also influenced the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the films. Diffusion reduced tensile strength but had no significant effect on elongation, while homogenization enhanced elongation significantly. Morphological analysis revealed a rougher surface in homogenized samples. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that films from the homogenization method degraded at a lower temperature (270 °C) compared to those prepared by diffusion (300 °C). These findings highlight the importance of incorporation method and concentration in tailoring BNC-based films with antioxidant functionality and desired material properties.