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<p>Cellulose is the most abundant renewable biopolymer and a sustainable feedstock for advanced materials. However, its inherent brittleness has historically limited use in high-performance elastomers. Herein, we address this challenge by engineering a fully bio-based and recyclable hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)/gelatin (GEL)/chitosan (CS) composite hydrogel featuring a layered porous structure integrated with a dynamically reconfigurable hydrogen-bonding network. This design synergistically integrates permanent chemical crosslinking with a high-density dynamic hydrogen-bonding network, thereby significantly enhancing cushioning performance via multimodal energy dissipation mechanisms, including uniform stress transmission and energy absorption facilitated by structural porosity. Simultaneously, it imparts outstanding segmental rearrangement capacity to the material, enabling reversible structural reconstruction and efficient recyclability. Performance tests demonstrate that the material recovers 91.9% of its original height after 60% compressive strain, with a maximum acceleration of only 8.38&#xa0;g, substantially lower than conventional expanded polyethylene (EPE, 18.62&#xa0;g) and expandable polystyrene (EPS, 25.87&#xa0;g). More importantly, after the first cycle of recycling and reconstruction, the composite gel exhibits only a 12% reduction in Young’s modulus and retains a modulus of 0.261&#xa0;MPa even after three cycles. In a 1.5&#xa0;m free-fall drop test, the gel effectively protected delicate items from damage. This study presents a green cushioning material that combines sustainable raw materials, reversible network design, and integrated structural–functional strategies. It provides a promising approach toward recyclable, high-performance cushioning materials for sustainable packaging.</p> Graphical Abstract: <p></p>

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A hydroxypropyl cellulose-based gel with multimodal energy dissipation and recyclability for cushioning packaging of fragile items

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Xiyue Wang,
  • Jianming Lin,
  • Shuya Zhang,
  • Yuluo Zheng,
  • Jiaxin Cai,
  • Yingying Yang,
  • Shuang Tian,
  • Zehao Huang,
  • Chongxing Huang,
  • Lijie Huang

摘要

Cellulose is the most abundant renewable biopolymer and a sustainable feedstock for advanced materials. However, its inherent brittleness has historically limited use in high-performance elastomers. Herein, we address this challenge by engineering a fully bio-based and recyclable hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)/gelatin (GEL)/chitosan (CS) composite hydrogel featuring a layered porous structure integrated with a dynamically reconfigurable hydrogen-bonding network. This design synergistically integrates permanent chemical crosslinking with a high-density dynamic hydrogen-bonding network, thereby significantly enhancing cushioning performance via multimodal energy dissipation mechanisms, including uniform stress transmission and energy absorption facilitated by structural porosity. Simultaneously, it imparts outstanding segmental rearrangement capacity to the material, enabling reversible structural reconstruction and efficient recyclability. Performance tests demonstrate that the material recovers 91.9% of its original height after 60% compressive strain, with a maximum acceleration of only 8.38 g, substantially lower than conventional expanded polyethylene (EPE, 18.62 g) and expandable polystyrene (EPS, 25.87 g). More importantly, after the first cycle of recycling and reconstruction, the composite gel exhibits only a 12% reduction in Young’s modulus and retains a modulus of 0.261 MPa even after three cycles. In a 1.5 m free-fall drop test, the gel effectively protected delicate items from damage. This study presents a green cushioning material that combines sustainable raw materials, reversible network design, and integrated structural–functional strategies. It provides a promising approach toward recyclable, high-performance cushioning materials for sustainable packaging.

Graphical Abstract: