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<p>Nanocellulose has gained attention as an effective and eco-friendly material for adsorbing contaminants, including heavy metals, from wastewater. This study investigated the extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from pineapple leaf (PL) waste and its application in cadmium removal from aqueous medium. An integrated microwave (450&#xa0;W)-choline chloride/oxalic acid pretreatment enabled 84.85% cellulose recovery from PL biomass. Ball milling of the extracted cellulose yielded CNCs with a production efficiency of 87% that were functionalized through amination, carboxylation, and phosphorylation to enhance surface area and introduce active sites, thereby improving their&#xa0;adsorption capacity. These modifications were validated by various physicochemical analyses, which confirmed their effects on crystallinity, thermal behavior, and surface properties. Phosphorylated CNCs achieved a 99.57% cadmium removal within 6&#xa0;h at 30&#xa0;°C and exhibited good reusability, retaining 88.54% efficiency after five adsorption–desorption cycles with minimal decline. Adsorption was inspected under varying contact times, pH, and temperature, with results showing pseudo-second-order kinetics and alignment with the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic analysis revealed the process to be both spontaneous and exothermic, characterized by negative ΔG° and ΔH°. The outcomes reveal that waste-derived functionalized nanocellulose can serve as a sustainable and efficient adsorbent for environmental remediation.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Functionalized cellulose nanocrystals prepared from microwave-acidic deep eutectic solvent pretreated pineapple leaf waste for heavy metal adsorption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Diksha Sharma,
  • Vishal Sharma,
  • Mei-Ling Tsai,
  • Aditya Yadav,
  • Parushi Nargotra,
  • Pei-Pei Sun,
  • Cheng-Di Dong

摘要

Nanocellulose has gained attention as an effective and eco-friendly material for adsorbing contaminants, including heavy metals, from wastewater. This study investigated the extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from pineapple leaf (PL) waste and its application in cadmium removal from aqueous medium. An integrated microwave (450 W)-choline chloride/oxalic acid pretreatment enabled 84.85% cellulose recovery from PL biomass. Ball milling of the extracted cellulose yielded CNCs with a production efficiency of 87% that were functionalized through amination, carboxylation, and phosphorylation to enhance surface area and introduce active sites, thereby improving their adsorption capacity. These modifications were validated by various physicochemical analyses, which confirmed their effects on crystallinity, thermal behavior, and surface properties. Phosphorylated CNCs achieved a 99.57% cadmium removal within 6 h at 30 °C and exhibited good reusability, retaining 88.54% efficiency after five adsorption–desorption cycles with minimal decline. Adsorption was inspected under varying contact times, pH, and temperature, with results showing pseudo-second-order kinetics and alignment with the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic analysis revealed the process to be both spontaneous and exothermic, characterized by negative ΔG° and ΔH°. The outcomes reveal that waste-derived functionalized nanocellulose can serve as a sustainable and efficient adsorbent for environmental remediation.

Graphical abstract