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<p>This study investigated the enhancement of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based films through the incorporation of gelatin and alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), aiming to address inherent limitations in hydrophobicity, film-forming capability, and mechanical strength. To further optimize film properties, three plasticizers, citric acid, glycerol, and isosorbide, were systematically evaluated for their effects on film morphology and flexibility. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed extensive hydrogen bonding among CMC, gelatin, and AKD, evidenced by a marked reduction in free hydroxy groups, indicative of strong intermolecular interactions. Thermal and morphological characterizations further demonstrated that isosorbide promoted homogeneous film formation, while AKD increased surface roughness and improved water resistance. Among all tested formulations, the CMC–gelatin film incorporated with isosorbide and AKD (SCGI–AKD film) exhibited the most favorable hydrophobic performance, achieving a contact angle (CA) of 105.09°, a water solubility (WS) of 28.46%, and a reduced water vapor permeability (WVP) of 0.65 g&#xa0;m/m<sup>2</sup>&#xa0;s&#xa0;Pa. This formulation also displayed superior mechanical characteristics, including a tensile strength of 13.27 MPa, a Young’s modulus of 151.24 MPa, and an elongation at break of 38.71%. Optical measurements confirmed the compatibility of composite components, as all films maintained stable visible light transmittance. Notably, the SCGI–AKD film exhibited selective light-filtering capacity, transmitting only 29.59% for UV light at 300 nm while allowing 80.25% transmittance at 600 nm in the visible range. These findings underscore the potential of CMC–gelatin–AKD composite systems as sustainable, multifunctional packaging materials with tunable barrier, mechanical, and optical properties.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>Synopsis: The synergistic incorporation of AKD and isosorbide into CMC films significantly enhanced hydrophobicity, film-forming capability, and mechanical performance, underscoring their potential for application in sustainable packaging systems.</p> <p></p>

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Synergistic reinforcement of hydrophobicity and mechanical performance in carboxymethyl cellulose–gelatin films through alkyl ketene dimer and plasticizer optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月22日

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  • Xiaoqing Li,
  • Ruoxin Chen,
  • Jiahao Ren,
  • Qingfei Duan,
  • Fengsong Liu

摘要

This study investigated the enhancement of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based films through the incorporation of gelatin and alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), aiming to address inherent limitations in hydrophobicity, film-forming capability, and mechanical strength. To further optimize film properties, three plasticizers, citric acid, glycerol, and isosorbide, were systematically evaluated for their effects on film morphology and flexibility. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed extensive hydrogen bonding among CMC, gelatin, and AKD, evidenced by a marked reduction in free hydroxy groups, indicative of strong intermolecular interactions. Thermal and morphological characterizations further demonstrated that isosorbide promoted homogeneous film formation, while AKD increased surface roughness and improved water resistance. Among all tested formulations, the CMC–gelatin film incorporated with isosorbide and AKD (SCGI–AKD film) exhibited the most favorable hydrophobic performance, achieving a contact angle (CA) of 105.09°, a water solubility (WS) of 28.46%, and a reduced water vapor permeability (WVP) of 0.65 g m/m2 s Pa. This formulation also displayed superior mechanical characteristics, including a tensile strength of 13.27 MPa, a Young’s modulus of 151.24 MPa, and an elongation at break of 38.71%. Optical measurements confirmed the compatibility of composite components, as all films maintained stable visible light transmittance. Notably, the SCGI–AKD film exhibited selective light-filtering capacity, transmitting only 29.59% for UV light at 300 nm while allowing 80.25% transmittance at 600 nm in the visible range. These findings underscore the potential of CMC–gelatin–AKD composite systems as sustainable, multifunctional packaging materials with tunable barrier, mechanical, and optical properties.

Graphical Abstract

Synopsis: The synergistic incorporation of AKD and isosorbide into CMC films significantly enhanced hydrophobicity, film-forming capability, and mechanical performance, underscoring their potential for application in sustainable packaging systems.