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<p>In this study, the synergistic effects between phosphorylated cellulose and four typical flame-retardants were investigated, elucidating the mechanism underlying the optimal synergistic effect observed between melamine cyanurate (MCA) and phosphorylated cellulose (P-Lyocell). Furthermore, the synergistic interactions between P-Lyocell and MCA/Lyocell blended fibres were leveraged to enhance the flame retardancy of cellulose materials, leading to the development of corresponding flame-retardant cellulose composites. Thermogravimetric-infrared (TG-IR) experiments demonstrated that phosphorylated cellulose effectively inhibited the formation of flammable alkanes, while MCA/Lyocell fibres released a greater quantity of non-flammable gases. By continuously releasing non-combustible cyanide and suppressing the emission of flammable gases, the new material composed of these two components achieves enhanced gas-phase flame retardancy. The earlier formation of char layers in P-MCA/Lyocell is attributed to its lower decomposition temperature (300&#xa0;°C), as demonstrated by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, which is significantly lower than that of P-Lyocell (310&#xa0;°C) and MCA/Lyocell (333&#xa0;°C). Raman spectroscopy revealed substantial graphitization in the residual char (ID/IG = 2.3), thereby enhancing condensed-phase flame retardancy. The release of non-flammable gases during the decomposition of MCA mitigates combustion progression and delays the peak heat release rate (PHRR), a critical mechanism for flame retardancy elucidated through CCT analysis in treated fibres. Additionally, phosphorylation in P-Lyocell facilitates early decomposition and char formation, thereby influencing ignition time. All treated fibres, particularly P-MCA/Lyocell, exhibited a significant reduction in peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) values. This effectively suppressed heat release during combustion. In VBT tests, relevant data and interpretations underscored the practical flame-retardant effectiveness of the developed materials. Furthermore, this method substantially decreases material costs by effectively incorporating MCA into the fibres without necessitating a grinding process, while also employing an economical phosphorylation reaction. Additionally, fibre materials exhibit significant commercial potential, characterized by a Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) of 36% and a tensile strength of 2.2 cN/dtex. This research has made a contribution to the advancement of green and sustainable materials technology.</p>

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Enhancing the flame retardancy of cellulose materials with phosphorylated MCA/lyocell blend fibre and synergistic flame retardancy mechanism

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月20日

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  • Yiliu Su,
  • Zhongkai Xu,
  • Min Gao,
  • Qingbo Zhao,
  • Xinqi Wang,
  • Fangyue Cheng,
  • Jia Shi,
  • Wei Wang,
  • Chunzu Cheng

摘要

In this study, the synergistic effects between phosphorylated cellulose and four typical flame-retardants were investigated, elucidating the mechanism underlying the optimal synergistic effect observed between melamine cyanurate (MCA) and phosphorylated cellulose (P-Lyocell). Furthermore, the synergistic interactions between P-Lyocell and MCA/Lyocell blended fibres were leveraged to enhance the flame retardancy of cellulose materials, leading to the development of corresponding flame-retardant cellulose composites. Thermogravimetric-infrared (TG-IR) experiments demonstrated that phosphorylated cellulose effectively inhibited the formation of flammable alkanes, while MCA/Lyocell fibres released a greater quantity of non-flammable gases. By continuously releasing non-combustible cyanide and suppressing the emission of flammable gases, the new material composed of these two components achieves enhanced gas-phase flame retardancy. The earlier formation of char layers in P-MCA/Lyocell is attributed to its lower decomposition temperature (300 °C), as demonstrated by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, which is significantly lower than that of P-Lyocell (310 °C) and MCA/Lyocell (333 °C). Raman spectroscopy revealed substantial graphitization in the residual char (ID/IG = 2.3), thereby enhancing condensed-phase flame retardancy. The release of non-flammable gases during the decomposition of MCA mitigates combustion progression and delays the peak heat release rate (PHRR), a critical mechanism for flame retardancy elucidated through CCT analysis in treated fibres. Additionally, phosphorylation in P-Lyocell facilitates early decomposition and char formation, thereby influencing ignition time. All treated fibres, particularly P-MCA/Lyocell, exhibited a significant reduction in peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) values. This effectively suppressed heat release during combustion. In VBT tests, relevant data and interpretations underscored the practical flame-retardant effectiveness of the developed materials. Furthermore, this method substantially decreases material costs by effectively incorporating MCA into the fibres without necessitating a grinding process, while also employing an economical phosphorylation reaction. Additionally, fibre materials exhibit significant commercial potential, characterized by a Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) of 36% and a tensile strength of 2.2 cN/dtex. This research has made a contribution to the advancement of green and sustainable materials technology.