<p>Nanocellulose-based biomaterials, including cellulose derivatives, have attracted significant attention in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields due to their unique properties, such as non-toxicity, high mechanical strength, a large surface area-to-volume ratio, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Cellulose and nanocellulose derivatives are actively being explored for their potential to combat microbial resistance and enable the sustained release of antimicrobial agents. Their unique physicochemical properties enhance the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments, making them valuable for infection control. In tissue engineering, nanocellulose-based scaffolds provide structural support for cell growth and tissue regeneration, with their biocompatibility and tunable properties allowing them to mimic the extracellular matrix effectively. In drug delivery, cellulose and nanocellulose derivatives provide innovative solutions for controlled and targeted release, with their biodegradability and customizable interactions improving therapeutic outcomes. In wound healing, nanocellulose derivatives are used to develop hydrogels and dressings that accelerate wound closure and reduce the risk of infections. This review highlights recent advancements in the synthesis and therapeutic applications of cellulose and nanocellulose-based derivatives, focusing on their applications in antimicrobial activity, biosensors, wound healing, bone tissue engineering, and drug delivery.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>